RA
Latex
:
The
blood
of
many
persons
with
rheumatoid
arthritis
contains
a
macroglobulin
type
of
antibody
called
factor
.
It
is
found
in
blood
of
those
without
RA
.
However
,
the
titers
are
higher
in
those
with
RA
.
Normals
:
Negative
or
less
than
1
:
20
Increased
In
:
,
SLE
,
TB
,
cancer
,
viral
infections
disease
of
the
liver
,
lung
or
kidney
,
Sjogren's
disease
Reed
Sternberg
Cell
:
The
characteristic
picture
of
disease
shows
these
cells
.
They
are
large
multinucleated
lymphocytes
.
SGOT
:
Serum
Glutamic
Oxalaocetic
Transaminase
.
Also
known
as
Aspartate
Amino
Transferase
(
AST
)
.
This
is
an
enzyme
associated
with
necrosis
of
heart
,
liver
,
skeletal
,
muscle
,
kidneys
and
other
tissues
.
But
it
is
almost
absent
from
the
blood
serum
.
Following
an
infarct
the
enzyme
is
released
into
the
blood
.
The
more
severe
the
MI
,
the
higher
the
level
of
SGOT
-
rises
6
-
12
hours
after
MI
-
10x
normal
in
24
-
48
hours
-
Returns
to
normal
7
-
10
days
Increased
In
:
infarction
,
destructive
liver
conditions
,
,
can
be
125x
normal
in
muscular
dystrophies
SGPT
:
Serum
Glutamic
Pyruvic
Transaminase
Also
known
as
Alanine
Amino
Transferase
(
ALT
)
.
This
is
present
in
liver
and
muscle
tissue
.
Primarily
used
to
indicate
disease
.
Normals
:
10
-
35
IU
Increased
In
:
hepatitis
,
MI
T
-
3
:
The
thyroid
gland
takes
iodine
from
the
flood
,
combines
it
with
tyrosine
and
converts
it
with
T
-
3
and
T
-
4
.
T
-
3
and
T
-
4
are
released
by
the
thyroid
under
the
influence
of
TSH
.
TSH
is
a
hormone
from
the
anterior
pituitary
that
is
an
activator
or
deactivator
of
thyroid
activity
.
Triiodothyronine
(
T
-
3
)
is
a
thyroid
hormone
that
is
present
in
the
blood
all
the
time
.
It
is
more
active
in
influencing
metabolic
rate
than
T
-
4
.
Increased
In
:
,
pregnancy
Decreased
In
:
cirrhosis
and
T
-
4
:
Thyroxine
The
principal
thyroid
hormone
is
stored
in
the
thyroid
.
Almost
all
the
thyroid
hormones
in
the
blood
are
bound
to
proteins
.
TPI
:
Treponema
Pallidum
Immobilizing
Agent
This
is
a
blood
test
for
.
It
is
very
specific
for
syphilis
because
it
uses
as
the
antigen
the
actual
causative
organism
,
live
treponema
pallidum
.
Uric
Acid
:
The
end
product
of
metabolism
,
uric
acid
is
a
metabolite
of
nucleic
acid
degeneration
.
It
is
used
primarily
as
an
aid
in
the
diagnosis
of
gout
.
Diet
has
an
effect
on
uric
acid
only
on
a
long
term
basis
.
The
amount
of
increase
is
not
directly
related
to
the
severity
of
Gout
.
Normals
:
3
.
5
-
.
2mg%
Increased
In
:
,
renal
failure
,
alcoholism
,
and
leukemia
Decreased
In
:
Multiple
myeloma
and
Hodgkin's
VDRL
:
Veneral
Disease
Research
Laboratory
This
is
one
of
the
serologic
screening
tests
for
.
Serologic
tests
in
syphilis
generally
became
positive
1
-
3
weeks
after
the
appearance
of
the
primary
lesion
.
VDRL
is
a
great
test
for
primary
and
secondary
syphilis
but
sensitive
for
the
later
stages
of
the
disease
.
False
positives
are
quite
common
with
associated
diseases
.
Western
Blot
:
There
are
a
number
of
tests
presently
available
used
to
screen
for
.
Western
Blot
and
another
called
Indirect
Fluorescent
Antibody
(
IFA
)
are
specific
,
expensive
and
less
likely
to
present
false
positives
than
other
tests
.
ELISA
:
A
test
used
on
those
who
are
taking
or
giving
blood
to
rule
out
the
possibility
of
AIDS
.
positive
ELISA
tests
are
necessary
before
ordering
a
Western
Blot
test
.
The
diagnosis
of
AIDS
is
based
on
symptoms
,
decreased
T
-
helper
cells
and
the
presence
of
uncommon
opportunistic
infections
and
tumors
as
well
as
positive
blood
tests
.
SMA
:
Sequential
Multiple
Analyzer
AKA
:
Chem
screen
This
is
not
a
test
but
the
name
of
an
instrument
used
an
automated
chemistry
.
It
is
capable
of
completing
a
variety
of
analysis
on
a
serum
sample
at
one
time
.
It
can
be
performed
in
denominations
of
7
,
12
,
16
,
24
,
and
60
.
The
results
are
plotted
on
a
graph
against
the
"
normal
"
values
.
The
SMA
12
/
60
autoanalyzer
is
capable
of
performing
12
tests
in
an
hour
with
one
small
sample
of
blood
.
The
selections
of
tests
are
pre
-
programmed
into
the
machine
.
The
data
is
given
on
a
printout
rather
than
on
the
chart
.
The
classic
tests
associated
with
SMA
12
/
60
are
:
Calcium
Glucose
BUN
Uric
acid
Cholesterol
Total
protein
Albumin
Bilirubin
Alkaline
phosphatase
SGOT
Inorganic
phosphorus
Creatin
e
Créer jeu