Nuclear Physics Quiz: Cambridge A‑Level

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Nuclear concepts and basics

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Fatma Alif

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Nuclear Physics Quiz: Cambridge A‑Level


Nuclear Physics Quiz: Cambridge A‑LevelVersion en ligne Nuclear concepts and basics par Fatma Alif 1 Which force is primarily responsible for holding nucleons together in the nucleus? a Strong nuclear force b Weak nuclear force c Electromagnetic force d Gravitational force 2 What does the mass defect refer to in nuclear reactions? a Difference between the mass of nucleons and the nucleus b Mass of electrons surrounding the nucleus c Mass of emitted gamma photons d Mass gained by nucleus during fission 3 Which statement best describes beta minus decay? a A nucleus emits an alpha particle b A proton becomes a neutron and a positron c A neutron converts to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino d A nucleus captures an electron to become a neutron 4 Which unit is commonly used to express binding energy? a Kilowatt-hour b Newton per meter c Joule d MeV per nucleon 5 In fission, what is a typical product distribution? a Two lighter nuclei plus 2–3 neutrons b One heavier nucleus only c No neutrons produced d Only gamma radiation emitted 6 3. What is binding energy? a Energy to create a proton from a neutron. b Energy stored in electrons around the nucleus. c Energy required to disassemble a nucleus into free nucleons. d Energy released when a nucleus is formed. 7 4. How does binding energy per nucleon vary with nucleon number? a It is constant for all nuclei. b It decreases monotonically with nucleon number. c It rises to a peak near iron and then slowly falls. d It rises linearly without limit. 8 5. Define nuclear fusion. a Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus. b Energy is absorbed by electrons. c A nucleus splits into lighter nuclei. d A nucleus gains electrons. 9 6. Define nuclear fission. a Two nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus. b Electrons are ejected from the nucleus. c A heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei and neutrons. d Nucleons are created from energy. 10 7. Why is binding energy per nucleon important for reactions? a It measures electrical charge distribution. b It only applies to stable nuclei. c It is constant for all reactions. d It indicates how much energy is released or required in fusion/fission. 11 8. How do you calculate energy released in a reaction? a ΔE = m^2 c^2, mass squared times c^2. b ΔE = m c^3, mass times velocity. c ΔE = Δm c^2, where Δm is the mass defect. d ΔE = Δm^2 c^2, mass defect squared. 12 9. Which nucleus has one of the highest binding energy per nucleon? a Uranium-238 b Lead-208 c Hydrogen-1 d Iron-56 (^56Fe) 13 10. What is the practical relevance of the mass–energy equivalence in nuclear reactions? a It contradicts conservation of energy. b It explains energy release in fusion and fission via mass loss. c It only applies to chemical reactions. d It is irrelevant to real reactions. 14 Fluctuations in count rate provide evidence for what aspect of radioactive decay? a Non-random fluctuations in the sample b The random nature of radioactive decay c A stable decay process d Affected by detector bias 15 Radioactive decay is inherently what two characteristics? a Artificial and predictable b Deterministic and frequentist c Controllable and periodic d Spontaneous and random 16 What does the activity A = λN represent? a Activity equals half-life times nuclei b Activity equals decay constant times number of undecayed nuclei c Activity equals number of decays per second squared d Activity equals decay constant divided by nuclei 17 Define half-life in radioactive decay. a The time for half the nuclei to decay b The time between successive decays c The time for all nuclei to decay d The time for one decay event to occur 18 What is the relation between λ and the half-life t1/2? a λ = 1 / t1/2 b λ = t1/2 / 0.693 c λ = 0.693 / t1/2 d λ = 0.693 * t1/2 19 In the decay law x = x0 e^{-λ t}, what can x represent? a Only the count rate from a detector unrelated to activity b Only the number of undecayed nuclei c Any of activity, N, or received count rate d Only activity 20 After one half-life, what is x relative to x0? a x = x0 b x = x0 / 4 c x = x0 / 2 d x = 2x0 21 If N0 is the initial nuclei and λ is the decay constant, how is activity A defined? a A = λN with N being the number of undecayed nuclei b A = λ / N0 c A = N / λ d A = N0 e^{-λ t} 22 Which statement best describes the randomness of decays? a Decay events are independent and probabilistic b Decay events are guaranteed after a fixed time c Decay rate cannot change over time d All nuclei decay at the same instant 23 What is the practical meaning of half-life in decay curves? a Time for count rate to reach zero b Time for all nuclei to decay c Time for activity to double d Time for activity, N, or count rate to fall to half Feedback 1 The strong force is short-ranged and binds protons and neutrons. 2 Mass defect relates to binding energy via E=mc^2. 3 Beta minus changes charge and emits an electron and antineutrino. 4 Binding energy is typically given as MeV per nucleon for nuclei. 5 Fission commonly yields two fission fragments and neutrons. 6 Binding energy is the energy needed to break the nucleus apart. 7 Peak around Fe-56 explains why fusion/fission occur toward that region. 8 Fusion releases energy for light elements when bound more tightly. 9 Fission releases energy when heavy nuclei split into lighter, more bound products. 10 Higher binding energy per nucleon means more energy can be released in forming the nucleus. 11 Energy from mass defect via E = Δm c^2. 12 Fe-56 is near the peak of the binding energy per nucleon curve. 13 Mass loss in reactions converts to released energy via E = mc^2. 14 Fluctuations arise from the probabilistic, not deterministic, decay of individual nuclei. 15 Decay events occur without external cause and are probabilistic in time. 16 A = λN defines how many decays occur per unit time given N nuclei and λ. 17 Half-life t1/2 is the interval in which N drops to N/2. 18 By definition, λ is 0.693 divided by the half-life. 19 x can denote activity A, number of undecayed nuclei N, or detected count rate. 20 By definition of half-life, the quantity decays to half after t1/2. 21 Activity is the rate of decay, proportional to N with factor λ. 22 Each nucleus has a constant probability of decay per unit time independent of others. 23 Half-life characterizes the rate at which the observable quantity halves over time.

Nuclear Physics Quiz: Cambridge A‑Level

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Nuclear Physics Quiz: Cambridge A‑LevelVersion en ligne

par Fatma Alif

Which force is primarily responsible for holding nucleons together in the nucleus?

What does the mass defect refer to in nuclear reactions?

Which statement best describes beta minus decay?

Which unit is commonly used to express binding energy?

In fission, what is a typical product distribution?

3. What is binding energy?

4. How does binding energy per nucleon vary with nucleon number?

5. Define nuclear fusion.

6. Define nuclear fission.

7. Why is binding energy per nucleon important for reactions?

8. How do you calculate energy released in a reaction?

9. Which nucleus has one of the highest binding energy per nucleon?

10. What is the practical relevance of the mass–energy equivalence in nuclear reactions?

Fluctuations in count rate provide evidence for what aspect of radioactive decay?

Radioactive decay is inherently what two characteristics?

What does the activity A = λN represent?

Define half-life in radioactive decay.

What is the relation between λ and the half-life t1/2?

In the decay law x = x0 e^{-λ t}, what can x represent?

After one half-life, what is x relative to x0?

If N0 is the initial nuclei and λ is the decay constant, how is activity A defined?

Which statement best describes the randomness of decays?

What is the practical meaning of half-life in decay curves?