Relier Pairs Media IndustriesVersion en ligne Exam Study Guide par Andrea Navarro 1 Resource dependency theory 2 Market Model 3 Allocative Resources 4 Public Sphere Model 5 Authoritative Resources the ability to control the actions of other actors through pressure or strategic advantage Society’s needs can't be met entirely thru the market system. Info. is vital to a participatory democracy. Audience are citizens, not only consumers. media are like all other goods and services; competitive markets = best outcomes for consumers tangible resources for use in reaching goals; actual goods or material artifacts (programs, equipment, buildings, human personnel). Creation, distribution, and exhibition of mass media materials is essentially the struggle of organizations over a broad range of society’s resources. 1 Blockbuster Era 2 The Grand Movie Palace 3 How did the arrival of television in the 1950s change the motion picture industry? 4 The Nickelodeon Boom 5 From Private to Public 6 Studio Control to Decline 7 What kind of influence does the client power role have in motion pictures? 8 Today’s Hybrid Experience 9 What was the Hays Office, and what were its goals? What was the “Hollywood code” and how did it affect the production of movies? 10 Digital & Streaming Shift 11 Theater Birthday 12 Vaudeville Era 13 What role has the authority power role historically played in the motion picture industry (provide some examples)? 14 What was the MPPC, and how did it affect the development of the motion picture industry in the United States? Rise of storefront theaters charging five cents for continuous programs Motion Pictures Patents Company tried to control the industry, ruled unconstitutional for violating antitrust laws. Opens the road for competitors. They help finance films/get them money, plus control product placement, etc., in films. Platforms like Netflix made films more accessible than ever audiences balance at home streaming with premium, communal theater experiences (today) Studios like Paramount Pictures dominated exhibition until TV and suburbanization reduced audiences Decimated movie theater attendance, forcing the motion picture industry to pivot from mass-produced B-movies to spectacles that TV could not replicate Luxurious, large-capacity theaters designed for comfort and escape Films watched solo in penny arcades and phonograph parlors Hits like Jaws reshaped moviegoing into a mass entertainment event Movies as segments of live variety programs; origin of the “feature film” Distribution: Disney: Supplying content to theaters, TV networks, DVD producers, streaming companies, advertising. Financing of independent producers First public projection of Edison’s Vitascope MPPDA’s president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Meant to keep ppl moral. 1 Kintoscope 2 Simultaneous Release (Arditi) 3 Franchise 4 Block Booking 5 Thomas Edison 6 MPPC 7 Hays Office/Hollywood Code 8 Windowing 9 P&A 10 Nickelodeon 11 Unions in Hollywood Collection of related movies connected by shared characters, settings, or storylines. Designed to generate multiple revenue streams: sequels, merch A strategy where films are released for home consumption at the same time as, or shortly after, their theatrical debut. theaters recieve "A" (expensive, high prestige) pictures only if they agree to also accept "B" pictures Distribution strategy to try to get the most money possible for a particular film by offering it at multiple price points Refers to the costs a distributor incurs for marketing and distributing a film, covering trailers, advertising, and digital delivery First mogul of the motion picture industry SAG, IATSE, DGA, etc. Rise if storefront theaters charging five cents for continous programs motion pictures patents company - tried to control industry, ruled unconstituional for voilating anti-trust laws MPPDA's president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Replaced by MPAA. invented by Edison, allowed films to be watched through a peephole 1 FCC Report on Chain Broadcasting (1941) 2 Broadcast TV 3 Technical Regulation by the FCC 4 Cable TV 5 TV Syndication 6 Clinet Power Role in Early TV History 7 O&O 8 What were some of the impacts of the Telecommunications Act of 1996? 9 TV Freeze (1948-1953) 10 Affiliate 11 Which power roles have a great deal of influence in the television industry, and why? 12 Cord-Cutting (Arditi) 13 Prime-time access rule 14 AD Zapping (Arditi) 15 Fin/Syn Rules 16 Multiple System Operator 17 Telecommunications Act of 1996 18 John Walson/Service Electric 19 V-Chip Allows parents to block programs based on content rating Television or radio stations owned directly by the network with which they are associated 1. Forced NBC to divest itself of one network 2. Led to 3 networks: NBC, ABC, CBS Techniques used by viewers to avoid advertisements (switching channels, muting the TV, or using ad-blocking software) Held immense power, often dictating content more directly than the television networks themselves. Single-sponsor system. No limit on total # of stations 1 company can own No control of < 50% of ad revenue in a single market Networks own cable TV systems Rating system 1960s delcine in TV quality prime-time acess rule financial interests & syndication rules ban on tabacco advertising fariness doctrine FCC regulation prohibiting the top 50 market network affiliates from airing network-produced content during 7:30-8 pm 1. 1945 - 12 channels for very high frequency (30MHz-300MHz) (FCC ruling) 2. Complaints - network control, too little diversity Over-the-air television accessed via an antenna (distributors are more powerful) A local television stations that is not owned by the network itself but carries the network's content (prime-time shows, sports, and news) Is an independent producer or company that sells specific shows station-by-station across many different owners and markets A company that owns and operates multiple cable television systems across different communities or regions Leaving cable for streaming Requires a paid subscription for a wide, specialized channel lineup (distributors are less powerful) FCC regulatios that prohibited major TV networks from owning, syndicating, or profiting from reruns of programs they aired A pioneering broadband offering cable TV, high-spped internet, and phone services Most of the power in cable is concentrated in exhibitors like comcast and xfinity Law that mandated ratings. Overhauled US communications law by relaxing ownership limits & encouraging cross-industry competition 1 What are ISPs (power role?) 2 Who/what occupies the production, distribution, and exhibition power roles in the internet industry? 3 Cookies 4 What is the neutrality controversy? 5 Who is the exhibitor in the Internet/Online industry? 6 WWW 7 Data Mining 8 ICANN 9 ARPANet 10 Why is UGC important for media production on the Internet? 11 HTML 12 Advertising revenue in the internet industry 13 HTML & WWW 14 Packet Switching Together, they allow us to gather information, share, and communicate standardized langauge used to create and structure web pages The process of gathering and storing information about many individuals to be used in audience profiling & innteractive marketing an information system where web pages can be accessed information that a website puts on your computer's hard drive so that it can remember something about you at a later time Concentrated - Google and Meta hold over 50% of digital ad revenue It is all about exhibition. The idea that "a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally. Production&Distr = generally go together Advanced research projects agency the company that provides the technology through which a person can go to a specific website - FCC regulates local ISPs - ICANN Internet service prodivers - distributors Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - prevents two websites from having the same name - authority role Breaking data into small "packets" that travel independently across network paths (emails, video streaming, and social media) The only way social media makes money is by selling advertising. Anyone and everyone who posts online. 1 Software 2 Steam & Online Consumption 3 ESRB - power role? 4 Advergaming 5 Creators 6 What types of individuals/companies occupy the creator power role in the video game industry? 7 Epic v. Apple 8 What types of individuals/companies occupy the exhibitor power role in the video game industry? 9 MMORPG 10 1st Party Video Game Developers 11 What types of individuals/companies occupy the producer power role in the video game industry? 12 Hardware 13 What types of individuals/companies occupy the distributor power role in the video game industry? 14 Publishers 15 Apple Arcade and Xbox Live 16 3rd Party Video Game Developers 17 What are three of the main industry segments in the hardware video games industry? 18 2nd Party Video Game Developers 19 Hardware Segments 20 ESRB & Game Ratings contracted by publishers to create games with concepts provided by the publisher Publishing companies (provide advance to a developer/programmer or artists or a group of artists for game development/design) Apples take 30% cut of money spent on apps. App stores within an app bypassed the 30% cut. Epic called Apple a monopoly distributor/restraint of trade Is an internet-based virtual world where thousands of players interact simultaneously the practice of creating video games to promote a brand, product, or service provides the interactive content and digital experiences Sony (Plasystation 4), Microsoft (Xbox, Xbox 360), Nintendo (DS, 3DS, Wii, WiiU) independent development houses; develop their own projects and try to sell them to publishers 80% of publishers distribute their own games. Integrated into publishing company Entertainment Software Ratings Board — an industry self-regulatory group — applies content ratings to games. It occupies the facilitator power role Fund, market, and distribute games Consoles/Desktop/Handheld/Mobile Retailers. (walmart, best buy, game stop) - gross margins of 35%-40% on full price games in retail stores Steam promotes "unending consumption" by fostering a "never-own-a-game" model. Subscription-like access and purchasing. Turns users into products. the physical platform and infrastructure that enables gaming Developer/programmer, or artists, or a group of artists for game development/design craft the game, handle programming, art, and design Entertainment Software Rating Board - an industry self-regulatory group - applies content rating to games. Facilitator power role. Distributors 1 What circumstances led to the success of the campaign to introduce content-specific ratings for television in the 1990s? 2 Why is media conglomeration a conservative approach to the challenges associated with audience fragmentation? 3 What is synergy? 4 Three main criticisms that have been leveled against synergy and media conglomeration? 5 What did the Children's Television Act require of TV broadcasters? 6 What kind of influence do ordinary citizens have on media content? 7 Performance Program 8 What kinds of synergies are being explored by today's media giants? 9 What do the successes of the CTA of 1990 and the TV ratings rules tell us about the effectiveness of the public to influence television content? responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to - scripted They were all resulting from the public advocacy power role. Very effective. Create more value by becoming bigger thru combining companies. Can lead to debt = pay interest. Coordination = output is < sum of each part added tg Air at least 3hrs of core edu. programming/week 7am-10pm - regulalry scheduled Edu. programs = 30 mins Stations provide access to license renewal docs Turow: media orgs. are likely to ignore/downplay critiques by indi/small groups - media reform advocates find strength in #s with other indi/orgs Aud. fragmentation. = dividing the audience among more media outlets Solution? = gain access to distribution channels in multiple media industries Kids were watching inappropriate content because there was no label. Between streaming and film distribution - Paramount Discovery and Warner Brothers merger Debt! No money! No profits! Conservative decision-making - stiffling creativity Harm to the democratic process - links news&entertainment, corp.cen. 1 Low power FM Radio 2 Synergy 3 Comcast-NBC Merger Obstacles 4 Dominant culture 5 Comcast-NBC Merger Logic 6 Comcast-NBC merger 7 Four requirements for democratic media (Croteau/Hoynes): 8 Emergent culture 9 Public vs. Public advocacy power roles 10 Performance program 11 Residual culture 12 Twitch.tv 13 Action for Children’s Television (ACT) 1. Diversity 2. Innovation 3. Substance 4. Independence (from government & commercial interests) 4 concerned moms: Goal: Eliminate commercialism in kids' pgms Protect free speech of broadcasters Pressure broadcasters & networks to self-regulate reminder that things can be different; when dominant forms fail to meet present needs (vinyl records, DVDs, VHS tapes) Anti-trust act = must convince the government that it would help people - public interest test an individual decision vs an organized effort Hegemony= establishes&maintains order Rev.= commodification of culture Platforms= surveillance of consumers Subscription= payback to artists/stream developing form of streaming, streaming integrating into the digital games industry responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to Looking for synergy = would make money by distributing and putting it on their pay-per-view video on demand. Buy = access to content = distribute Comcast shareholders may not benefit. The movie business is very appealing but hard to make money in, so Comcast might be cooked. Meanings, values, practices, rel. being created via new media Challenge existing norms of production, distribution, & monetization Hybrid media forms uses frequency modulation, with better sound quality but shorter range, typically for music formats You create more value by becoming bigger through combining companies - Media conglomeration
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