Relier Pairs Agriculture & WaterVersion en ligne Exam 3 study guide par Andrea Navarro 1 Undernourishment 2 Urban Farming 3 Food deserts 4 _% of habitable land in use 5 Food Insecurity 6 _% of freshwater used 7 Food Sovereignty 8 _% of greenhouses gasses is produced by agriculture 9 Famine 10 Food Security The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food withing cities and suburban areas All people at all times having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. 70 50 Widespread food shortage causing mass starvation Low-income areas lacking access to affordable food A condition that results from insufficient food consumption The right for people in a region to have access to healthy, culturally appropriate food grown in a sustainable, autonomous way 30 Caused by: insufficient funds, inadequate distribution, war/crises that disrupt production, and discrimination 1 Biomes 2 Topsoil 3 Soil Profiles 4 Erosion 5 Parent Material 6 Weathering 7 Organic Matter 8 Renewable Resource Regions defined by climate, soil type, and the unique communities of plants and animals that inhabit them Contains the greatest amount of organic matter. 1. Moisture retention 2. Supply and retention of nutrients/elements 3. Reduces erosion (Topsoil contains the greatest amount of ___ ____) ... is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form ... are natural energy sources that replenish faster than they are consumed ... is the geological process where natural forces transport soil and rock debris from one location to another, shaping landscapes A vertical cross-section of soil showing its distinct layers, or horizons, from the surface down to parent material In-place breakdown of rocks and minerals (rain, ice, temperature change) 1 Contour Plowing 2 Crop Rotation 3 Terracing 4 Intercropping 5 No-till Plowing 6 Selective Breeding 7 Monocultures 8 Cash Crops 9 Norman Borlaug 10 Green Revolution Practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field to maximize space, boost yields, and improve sustainability where farmers plow across slopes, following the land’s elevation contours rather than up and down (minimizies erosion and water loss) Is a technique for growing crops without disturbing the soil, using specialized planters to insert seeds directly into residue from previous crop The agricultural practice of growing a single crop species. Grow crops to sell rather than to feed a population Transforms steep slopes into a series of flat, stepped levels to prevent soil erosion, improve water management, and create arable land The process where humans breed plants or animals for specific, desirable traits The practice of planting different, specific crop families in a sequence on the same land over several seasons. A massive agricultural transformation introducing high-yield seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive irrigation Was an agricultural scientist that sought to reduce global famine and food scarcity by developing and cultivating crops that were more productive 1 Community Supported Agriculture 2 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 3 Polyculture 4 Biological Controls 5 Integrated Pest Management 6 USDA Organic Certification 7 Narrow Range (degradable) 8 Broad Spectrum (non-degradable) 9 Pasture Crops Not readily degraded - designed to remain in soil long-term (bioacculmulate & biomagnify) Combines biological controls, pesticides, no-till, and crop planting techniques (ecosystem approach to planting techniques) Using living organisms to manage agricultural pests and weeds - reducing reliance on chemical pesticides (parasitoids, pathogens, predators, etc.) are living things whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering Multiple crops that are GOING to be harvested (all in one area) a partnership where consumers buy "shares" of a farm's harvest in advance, providing farmers with upfront capital and sharing the risks of the season Species grown for grazing livestock ("high" quality nutrition & reduction of feeding costs) Designed to break down or degrade under specific conditions. verifies that farms or processing facilities meet federal standards, producing food without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs 1 Surface Water (as a drinking source) 2 Effluent Streams 3 Overdraft 4 Hydrologic Cycle 5 Oceans (as a drinking source) 6 Water Table 7 Aquifers 8 Saltwater Intrusion 9 Infiltration 10 Desalination 11 Influent Streams The movement of water in the hydrosphere (pathways & reservoirs). The amount of water is fixed. Human activities affect supply and quality. The process of removing salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water to create fresh, potable water. Recieve water from the groundwater table (common in humid climate) Recharge groundwater by losing water to the water table (common in arid/dryland regions) The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soils, acting as a crucial link between surface water and groundwater. A geologic body ( permeable rock, gravel, sand, or silt) that can hold and transmit usable amounts of groundwater. Alternative source of drinking water - requires desalination (is expensive). The amount of water pumped from an aquifer exceeds the amount of water that recharges it. (Lowers water tables & dries wells & water quality). Alternative source of drinking water - requires disinfecting and filtering. Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers (caused by excessive g.w. pumping, sea-level rise, and reduced river flows) The zone of saturation where pores/fractures of the ground are saturated w/ groundwater. Determines wells' depth and health of wetlands/streams. 1 Channelization 2 Off-Stream 3 Water Scarcity 4 In-Stream 5 Aral Sea 6 The Colorado River 7 Consumptive Use 8 Wetlands 9 Non-Consumptive Use 10 The Great Salt Lake Water is returned back to the source. Straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or lining existing stream channels. Controls floods and improves navigation. Loss of wetlands. Involved diverting water from a source to another location for uses such as irrigation or municipal supply, often reducing downstream flow. largest saline lake in the Western Hemisphere Removes water from the source (evaporation, transpiration) so it is UNAVAILABLE for immediate REUSE (irrigation and industrual cooling) Water-saturated ecosystems (swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens) Water is used within its natural waterway for purposes like habitat maintenance, recreation, or hydropower. 90% loss of surface area for agricultural use, air pillution (erosion), increased salinity, loss of wetlands, and regional climate change. River could run short of water 58% to 73% of the time by the year 2050 Lack of sufficient available water resources to meet consumption demands. 1 Chemical Pollutants 2 Physical Pollutants 3 Primary Treatment 4 Discuss the steps of wastewater treatment 5 Secondary Treatment 6 Biological Pollutants 7 Waterborne Diseases 8 Virtual Water 9 Indicator Species 10 Point Source Pollutants 11 Xeriscaping 12 Gray Water 13 Non-Point Source Pollutants Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause disease. Gently used wastewater from showers, sinks, and laundry. Reduces water bills and sewage loads by irrigating landscapes or flushing toilets. Sustainable landscaping method that uses drought-tolerant plants, gravel, and mulch to minimize irrigation. Process of removing pollutants, suspended solids, and harmful pathogens from sewage and industrial waste to produce cleaner water. Pollution that comes from an identifiable location (pipe or factory) Alter the envirnment's physical properties (sediment and debris) Aeration tanks encourage bacteria to break down organic matter (removes 90% of suspended solids) A plant, animal, or microorganism used to assess the health of an ecosystem. Pollution that comes from multiple locations (carried by rainfall, making it harder to trace - residential run-off) The volume of freshwater consumed, evaporated, or polluted during the production of goods and services. Bacteria, Parasites, and Protists Settling tanks (clarifiers) remove 40-60% of suspended solids by allowing sludge to settle. Are organic or inorganic compounds (metals, pesticides, and toxins). 1 Eutrophication 2 Riparian Buffers 3 Pacific Garbage Patch 4 Sediment Pollution 5 Anoxia 6 Thermal Pollution 7 Hypoxia 8 Oil Pollution Fauna - coasts, feathers, fur (buoyancy, insulation) Flora - photosynthetic impact (oil-consuming bacteria, biomagnification) Greatest pollutant (by volume and mass). Soil particles. Construction site runoff, agricultural erosion, and urbanization. The over-enrichment of water by nutrients (N & P) leads to excessive algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and dead zones killing fish and the biodiversity The harmful alteration of water temps in bodies of water caused by industrial cooling towers (vegetation removal and stratification) Complete, total cutoff of oxygen A vegetated area planted along the edge of a stream, river, or lake to protect water quality and aquatic habitats. A massice collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean - high concentrations of plastic Reduced supply of oxygen to the brain
Match the key terms descriptions to the Balance Sheet and Income Statement classifications