Relier Pairs Micro ex. 5Version en ligne immunological par Ana Rosa Sanchez-Grande 1 A restriction enzyme cuts (red arrows) double-stranded DNA at its particular recognition sites 2 The enzyme DNA ligase is used to unite the backbones of the two DNA fragments, producing a molecule of r DNA. 3 cuts produce DNA fragment two sticky ends. fragment contains an overhang of nucleotides (sticky end) that are identical to the original DNA fragment 4 The joined fragments will usually form either a linear molecule or a circular one. 5 When two such fragments of D N A. cut by the same restriction enzyme come together, they can join by base pairing. 5 4 3 2 1 1 cillia and flagells ribosomes possess cell membrane 2 prenucleus monomorphic petidoglycan cell wall binary fission dna is in a circular chromosome 3 polymorphic Dna is packaged as paired chromosomes polysaccharide cell wall mitosis prokaryote only eukaryote only both prokaryote and eukaryote 1 building components of lipids 2 contains CHO and sometimes S 3 function of carbohydrates 4 contains cho in the formula 5 contains chonp 6 contain cho, h is most abundant and o is least abundant 7 building blocks of nuceic acids 8 structural level of protein- specific way and location one protein binds to another protein 9 building block of carbohydrates 10 organic compound that is water insoluble and non polar 11 building blocks of protein lipid proteins main energy source for cells monosaacharide nucleic acids lipids amino acid nucleotides quaternary gyceral back bone, fatty acids, and phosopholids carbohydrates 1 nucleus 2 smooth ER 3 mitochondrion 4 rough ER 5 golgi body refine, modify, papckage cell products lipid synthesis protein syntheiss produces atp has DNA 1 Hydrogen peroxide 2 alcholic fermentation 3 halogens (chlroine and iodine) 4 thermal death times 5 detergents, surfactants 6 photophosphorylations 7 substrate donates a high energy phosphate group to ADP 8 oxidative 9 thermal death point 10 heterlactic fermentation 11 homolactic fermentations 12 alchohols 13 mixed acid fermentations 14 decimal reduction time final product is mainly lactic acid lowest temp to kill all cells in 10 min dissolve lipids minutes taken to kill 90% of pop at a given temp convert pruvi acid into ethanol and co2 makes holes in lipid membrane final products are variety of acids redoc reactions produce enefy allowig addition of high energy phosphate to adp produce OH free radical denatures proteins substrate level light enerfy is convert to chemical in form of atp in transfer or electons as the pass throuhg carriers final products are lactic acid and other compounds shortest length of time required to kill microbe at a specific temperature 1 use o2 for metabolism 2 5 3 ideal temp for growth is 15 to 5 4 free licing organism, not in host 5 optimal growth between 45-70c 6 likec acidid (low pH) enirovments 7 like salty enviornments 8 highest resistante 9 1 10 cannot use o2 for metabolism 11 optimmum grwoth greater than 80c 12 does not use o2 but can tolerate it 13 7 14 can tolerate high salinity but does not require it 15 2 16 optimal growth is great than 70c 17 least resistant 18 moderate resitant 19 3 20 ph above 8.5 21 6 22 4 23 likes cold environemtns 24 can withstand ip to 10% salinaty thermophile dna unwinds at the beginning of a gene, with start codon halophile rna and rna polmerase are release, dna helix reforms psychorphile bacterial vegatative cells, ordinary fungal sposes, enveloped viruses, yeats, and protoza initiations, RNA polmerase binds to promoter elongation, rna is synthesiszed by comp. bases pairing of NT, DNA is tmeplate endospores, prions psychrophile the site of synthesis moves along dna, the dna transcribed rewinds up rotozoan cysts, sexual fungal spores, naked viruses hyperthermophile areotolerant anarobe alkalinophile halophiles anaerobe termination, trnascription reachers terminatioor stop condon, rna strand is compelte aerobe hyperthermophile mRNa contain language to make the protein and binds to a ribosome obligate saprobe acidophile halotolerant 1 Vaccine made from pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts 2 Stopping of gene expression when a small DNA insert encoding siRNA against a gene of interest and cloned into a plasmid and transferred into a cell 3 4 4 The science of determining all of the proteins expressed in a cell 5 5 6 A technique that uses DNA probes to detect the presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments (RFLPs) separated by gel electrophoresis. 7 Analysis of DNA by electrophoresis to identify pathogens 8 clone 9 Screening of parental or fetal tissue for several hundred possible genetic diseases 10 6 11 Defense against viruses and transposons where small interfering RNAs bind to mRNA to be finally destroyed by proteins, RISC 12 Field that utilizes computer-assisted analysis to understand gene function 13 8 14 recombinant dna r(DNA) technology 15 The therapeutic application where defective genes or missing genes are replaced 16 Genetic analysis that begins with a piece of DNA and proceeds to find out what it does 17 2 18 shuttle vector 19 Vaccine consist of a nonopathogenic virus that is carrying a pathogen's antigens 20 Use of bacteria and its molecule-sized particles to be used in drug targeting and delivery in a host 21 Use of CRISPR to correct genetic mutations at specific locations 22 1 23 7 24 vector 25 3 sel f replicating dna molecue exists in several differen specifies and can moved cloned sequences among organism proteomics population of genetically idential celss arrisngn from eone each carries the vectore bioinformatics genetic testing nanotechnology field that focuses in insertion or midification of gene to produce desired proteins for advance dried sludge is removed and disposed in landfil or agricultural alnd solid matter settles out into primary sedimentation tank southern blotting rna interfernece gene editing effluent is diinfected by chlorination and releassed into the enviornemtns dna vaccine gene silencing sewage is screened skimmed and ground remain sludge from primary sedimentation tank and settling tank is digested by anaerobic bacteria producing methane and co2 sludeg eflluent is moved and dried on drying bed reverse genetics gene therapy self replicating dna molcule used to transport forgign dna into a cel;l at the end of secondary trearmetn a settling tank holds solids that comes out of suspension dna fingerprinting the primary effluent undergoes aeration, microorganimss oxidize organic matter, filter or sludge system subunit vaccine 1 gene gun 2 transformation 3 histoplasmosis 4 genital herpes 5 electroporation 6 tuberco=uosis 7 influenza 8 3 9 whopping cough 10 protoplast fusion 11 diptheria 12 prevent atp production 13 ear infection 14 6 15 2 16 alters memrbane permeability 17 4 18 paralysis of helminths 19 candida albicans 20 trichomoanas 21 5 22 interferes with nutrient absorption 23 1 24 microinjection whoop sound in cough ivermectin niclosamide fluid in middle ear nitrogen fixation: nitrgoen gas into ammonia tubercles in lung praziquantel nitrification: and nitrate ion into nitrate ions dry cough, fever, extereme fatique, body aches deamination, protien into amino acids ammonification: amino acids into ammonia bullet introduces dna dna insert in cell, cell takes dna insert dna by remvng cell wall to all fusion denitrification: nitrate ion into nitrous gas ammonia disassociates into ammonium ions in water dna insert into cell in electrical current from pores in cell membrane fungus or yeats protozoan echnique using flass micropipette to puncture and insert dna pnemunia, night sweats medbendazole and albendazole virus psuedomembrane on throat and tonsils 1 2 2 3 3 5 4 1 5 6 6 4 aggregates of the flocculant mizture settles out and carry colloidal partcles out of suspension water is stored before used by consumers water enters particulate filtration water is mized with flocculnt water is treted by chloronation and oxone treatment or uv ligth exposure raw water is held in resovoir to allow particulates to settle 1 Body's immune response to cancer: 2 Made up of weaken pathogen 3 Stimulating humoral and cellular immunity with injecting naked DNA to produce protein antigen 4 self antigens on cell surfaces: 5 Used for diseases in children with poor immune response: 6 Closely mimic an actual infection 7 Avirulent viruses or bacteria are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens: 8 Can result in lifelong cellular and humoral immunity: 9 Use of inactivated toxins: 10 Reaction response to nonhuman antigens 11 Use of toxin-bearing antibodies or endotoxins to stimulate or enhance the normal immune response in order to attack tumor cells 12 Use of one's own tissue 13 Cells that are harvested from blastocysts and can generate all types of cells: 14 MHC genes in humans 15 genes encoding histocompatibility antigens: 16 Requires repeated booster doses: I 17 Use of antigenic fragments: 18 Induced mostly humoral immunity: 19 Made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule; not very immunogenic: 20 Use of substance that resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material: 21 Use of tissue from another person who is not an identical twin 22 Master cells capable of renewing themselves and differentiating into organ-specific specialized cells: 23 Use of identical twin's tissu 24 Use of nonhuman tissue 25 Regions in the body where transplants do not cause an immune response such as cornea: 26 Subunit vaccines produced by genetic modification: Stem cells Inactivated killed vaccines Allograft Toxoids Nucleic acid vaccines Recombinant vector vaccines Conjuaged vaccines Recombinant vaccines immune surveillanc Privileged site Autograft HLA complex Polysaccharide vaccines Xenotransplantation product Isograft hyperacute rejection live attenuated vaccines Live attenuated vaccines Embryonic Stem Cells Subunit vaccines inactivated killed vaccines Histocompatibility antigens Virus-like particle vaccines Live attenuated vaccines immunotherapy major histocompatibility complex MHC
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