Relier Pairs Modules 3, 4, & 5Version en ligne Key terms for the following modules par Andrea Navarro 1 Population 2 Population Size 3 logistic growth curves (S-curves) 4 Density-Dependent 5 Community 6 invasive species 7 carrying capacity 8 Jet Stream 9 Population Density 10 Ecosystem 11 exponential growth curves (J-curves) 12 Density-Independent 13 Species 14 Biomes size of a species that a specific environment can sustainably support over the long term without degrading the habitat are defined by climate (temperature and precipitation) and plant growth form cold and warm air mixing non-native organisms that cause harm to an ecosystem modeling growth that starts exponentially, accelerates, and then decelerates as it approaches a maximum capacity (carrying capacity) group of individuals of the same species that live in a particular region at a particular time total number in a specific area total number in relation to space factors that influence the growth rate of a population but do not regulate population size (storms, floods) populations whose members share characteristics - can freely breed and produce fertile offspring depict populations increasing by a constant percentage over time - a slow initial phase followed by a rapid, near-vertical explosion in numbers an assemblage of all living and non-living entities that interact in the same place at the same time an assemblage of different populations of different species living in the same space factos whose effect increase with crowding (diseases, sickness) 1 net primary production 2 gross primary production 3 primary consumers 4 trophic levels 5 secondary consumers 6 detritivores 7 respiration 8 trophic web 9 autotrophs 10 photosynthesis 11 tertiary consumers 12 decomposers herbivores or omnivores that form the second trophic level by feeding directly on producers organisms that occupy the third trophic level in a food chain, feeding primarily on primary consumers top-level predators, often at the apex of the food chain, that primarily consume secondary consumers convert light energy (sunlight), water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (chemical energy) and oxygen organisms that ingest, digest, and physically break down dead material produce their own food organisms that break down dead organisms and release the nutrients from the dead matter into the environment around them. breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce ATP energy for growth, repair, and maintenance, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts network of feeding relationships—who eats whom—within an ecosystem total rate at which photosynthetic producers (plants, algae) capture and store solar energy Production drops 5-20% after each level and 10% of energy is transferred from one level to another energy remaining after producers use some for respiration 1 mutualistic 2 competition 3 specialists 4 pioneer species 5 population dynamics 6 generalists 7 Parasitism 8 crypsis 9 competitive exclusion principle 10 k-selection strategists 11 late-successional species 12 predation 13 habitat 14 primary succession 15 interspecific competition 16 coevolution 17 intraspecific competition 18 r-selection strategists 19 induced defenses 20 keystone species 21 early-successional species 22 niche 23 warning coloration 24 resource partitioning 25 secondary succession 26 constitutive defenses 27 mimicry camaflouge animals use vivid colors to advertise toxicity, venom, or distastefulness to predators require narrow, specific conditions or diets, making them highly efficient in stable habitats but vulnerable to extinction if conditions shift fast-growing, sun-loving "pioneer" organisms—such as grasses, weeds, shrubs, and pine trees long-lived, slow-growing organisms that dominate mature, stable ecosystems (climax communities) after soil has been enriched by earlier species high biotic potential with minimal parental investments (lots of offspring and small/underdeveloped offspring) The process where similar species divide limited resources to reduce competition and coexist in the same environment palatable species (mimic) resemble unpalatable species (model) natural environment where an organism lives and finds essential resources ecosystem starts "from scratch" small species that kickstart an ecosystem (the first to arrive) (moss, etc.) "win-win" interaction between different species where both organisms benefit The impact is massive if removed from the environment - the ecosystem would break/fall down thrive in varied, changing environments by utilizing diverse food sources and habitats based on reproduction strategies low biotic potential with high paternal investment (fewer offspring and years of investment) phenotypic protective mechanisms in plants and animals that are activated upon detecting threats A predator feeds on other living organisms, typically a different species some species competing for resources (and mates) refers to the role of the organism in its habitat (profession) different species competing for resources (not mates) vestiges of the original community present pre-existing, permanent physical or chemical traits that organisms, particularly plants, maintain at all times for protection the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through natural selection, acting as mutual selective pressures two or more species cannot coexist indefinitely using the same limited resource parasite lives on, in, or within another (host), and depends on it for existence any use of defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource of other individuals 1 biological evolution 2 artificial selection 3 umbrella species 4 intermediate disturbance hypothesis 5 alien species 6 biodiversity hotspots 7 conservation 8 Captive breeding 9 Endangered Species Act of 1973 10 Reclamation 11 Restoration ecology 12 specialist species 13 mass extinctions 14 narrow niches 15 differential survival and reproduction 16 extirpated 17 invasive species 18 baseline extinction rates 19 fitness 20 Longitudinal gradient of biodiversity 21 natural selection 22 Rewilding 23 Conservation ecology 24 adaptation 25 habitat alteration 26 evolution short geological period in which a high percentage of global biodiversity (approx. or more of species) vanishes involves the reintroduction of species that have been extirpated from a region species that has been eliminated or destroyed within a specific geographic area, region, or habitat, though it may still exist elsewhere in the world modification of natural environments—through agriculture, urbanization, logging, pollution—that disrupts ecosystem structure, function, biodiversity non-native plants, animals, or pathogens that spread rapidly and cause significant economic, environmental, or health harm The process of change in populations over generations, driven by natural selection acting on these adaptations. process of restoring and rehabilitating land or ecosystems that have been disturbed or destroyed by industrial activity or resource extraction species that survives only within a very limited range of environmental conditions, specific food sources, or restricted habitats The "currency" of evolutionary success, defined as the ability of an organism to survive and produce offspring in a specific environment protect species, habitats and ecosystems from biodiversity loss organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring attempts to maintain populations in captivity when extinct in the wild (Zoos) Heritable genetic variation coupled with a changing environment leads to ... change in the gene pool of a population over time essentially states that a little disruption is a good thing, diversity-wise. the practice of renewing and restoring land that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed by human activities change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation conservation strategy that focuses on a species with large habitat requirements (and thus protects other species) allows conservation ecologists to spend time, effort, and funding on regions of particularly high biodiversity Animals, plants, or microorganisms introduced by human action into areas outside their natural range - need human intervention to survive describes the trend of equatorial regions having the highest biodiversity, and polar regions having the lowest biodiversity organisms adapted to thrive in narrow ecological niches, requiring specific habitats, limited diets, or precise environmental conditions to survive designed to prevent the extinction of fish, wildlife, and plants by protecting species and their critical habitats differential survival/reproductive success based on conscious human decisions natural rate of species loss (0.1 to 1 species per million species a year - w/o human influence, only one species might go extinct every 1–4 years) trying to keep the area intact Heritable, beneficial traits that improve an organism's fit to its environment. 1 IPAT model 2 stage 1 3 stage 4 4 age structure pyramids 5 TFR = total fertility rate 6 zero population growth 7 Tragedy of the Commons 8 density-independent 9 replacement fertility 10 doubling time 11 stage 2 12 stage 3 13 positive feedback loop 14 density-dependent 15 four stages of the demographic transition Early Expanding (High births, falling deaths, rapid growth) (Impact = Population x Affluence (wealth) x Technology [x Sensitivity]) Late Expanding (Declining births, low deaths, slow growth) High Stationary (High births/deaths, slow growth). population change over time, moving from high birth/death rates to low, stable rates due to development Low Stationary (Low births/deaths, stable/zero growth) average number of children a woman must have to exactly replace herself and her partner, stabilizing a population over time without immigration population remains stable, neither growing nor declining, because the number of births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration divided by gender—males on the left, females on the right—in a population An increase in output leads to a further increase in output - rapid movement away from initial conditions - not always positive individuals, acting in self-interest, will overexploit shared resources, leading to depletion the average number of children a woman would have if she lived through her childbearing years limit population growth based on density, intensifying as populations increase, typically biotic affect populations regardless of density, often abiotic and causing sudden population crashes The amount of time a population takes to double in size - Exponential growth is neither sustainable nor self-regulating - TD = 70/r (70/2 = 35 years)
Match the key terms descriptions to the Balance Sheet and Income Statement classifications