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Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Mastery (Fill in the Blanks)

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Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Mastery (Fill in the Blanks)

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Practice fluid compartments, balance, and electrolytes.

Créé par

Cari Monee
Cari Monee
United States

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Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Mastery (Fill in the Blanks)
 

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Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Mastery (Fill in the Blanks)Version en ligne

Practice fluid compartments, balance, and electrolytes.

par Cari Monee
1

A patient presents with that improves with diuretics . This is typical of a fluid shift in the __________ space , where excess fluid accumulates in dependent areas but can be mobilized by diuresis . In contrast , edema in which fluid is trapped in a may be seen after severe burns and is less responsive to diuretics , a phenomenon known as : __________ .

2

Normal fluid balance relies on intake and output , typically around a similar volume per day . The organ chiefly responsible for regulating fluid output is the , which adjust and solute excretion to maintain balance . When intake markedly exceeds output , examples include excess retention of water with weight gain and edema , whereas lowers interstitial and intravascular volumes . A common clinical sign of dehydration is skin tenting and dry mucous membranes , followed by tachycardia : __________ .

3

The major extracellular cation is , while the major intracellular cation is . An Na + level of 150 mEq / L indicates hypernatremia and can cause symptoms such as confusion , irritability , and seizures . Potassium is critical for cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction . Regulation of potassium is primarily through the hormone acting on the kidneys , but cell shifts also occur with acid - base disturbances : __________ .

4

Acid - base balance is maintained by , the lungs , and the kidneys . The first line of defense against pH changes is chemical buffers such as bicarbonate and phosphate in the plasma and cells . The most important buffer system in the body is the . The respiratory system regulates pH by removing or retaining CO2 ; hypoventilation causes CO2 retention leading to a metabolic shift called respiratory __________ , whereas hyperventilation causes loss of CO2 leading to respiratory __________ .

5

ABG interpretation uses the method : Respiratory Opposite , Metabolic Equal . For example , a pH 7 . 32 with CO2 50 mmHg indicates with metabolic compensation not yet complete . The patient with pH 7 . 48 and CO2 30 mmHg has metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation . If pH is 7 . 30 and HCO3 - is 18 mEq / L , this reflects with inadequate compensation : __________ .

6

The body ? s percentage varies with age and adiposity . In young adults , water content is highest in lean tissues ; as age increases and adipose tissue becomes more prominent , total body water decreases . The fluid compartment between the cells and blood vessels is the and plasma , both part of the . Fluid located outside cells but within tissue spaces is called interstitial fluid : __________ .

7

Vital signs and skin findings guide dehydration assessment . Skin tenting , dry mucous membranes , and tachycardia suggest due to dehydration , while rapid weight gain and edema indicate fluid overload . Edema in the lungs ( ) is a form of edema affecting the respiratory system , whereas involves the brain : __________ .

8

The hormone - regulated sensation that drives helps regulate fluid intake . Thirst is primarily triggered by increased plasma and decreased blood volume . The mechanism involves osmoreceptors in the that respond to changes in osmolality and angiotensin II during volume depletion : __________ .

9

Electrolyte balance includes the following relationships : is the chief extracellular cation , the chief intracellular cation , and calcium / magnesium participate in neuromuscular function . A low sodium state ( hyponatremia ) can cause confusion and seizures as the brain adapts to hypo - osmolality . The electrolyte that follows sodium to maintain electrical neutrality and is closely tied to is : __________ .

10

In acid - base terms , is characterized by low HCO3 - and a low pH , while respiratory alkalosis shows a high pH with low CO2 . Deep , rapid breathing seen in metabolic acidosis is called . The slowest but most powerful regulator of acid - base balance is the , which excrete H + and reabsorb bicarbonate to restore pH : __________ .

11

Average adult fluid intake and output in 24 hours should be approximately , give or take based on body size and activity . The organ primarily responsible for regulating fluid output is the . When intake is 800 mL and output is 2300 mL in 24 hours , the condition is , with negative fluid balance : __________ .

12

An type resulting from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma leads to fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces . from liver disease is an example of generalized edema due to hepatic portal hypertension and low oncotic pressure . The fluid movement into interstitial spaces constitutes edema with potential third spacing : __________ .

13

A patient with severe burns may develop fluid trapped in nonfunctional spaces due to , a condition altering intravascular volume . This nonfunctional accumulation of fluid is described as , a phenomenon separate from interstitial . The process can significantly affect blood pressure and tissue perfusion : __________ .

14

Normal distribution of body fluids is called . When fluids shift from the extracellular to the intracellular space due to , cells swell . Conversely , dehydration lowers intracellular volume . The type of fluid movement is best described as a driven by osmolality changes : __________ .

15

A 70 kg adult has an estimated around 42 L . accounts for about two - thirds of TBW , and extracellular fluid accounts for about one - third . The extracellular space comprises and interstitial fluid . The term for the fluid within blood vessels is plasma , while the fluid outside cells but within tissue is interstitial fluid : __________ .

16

due to fluid loss triggers baroreceptor - mediated signals resulting in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction to preserve perfusion . Skin findings include tachycardia and mucous membrane dryness . The rate of falls , and serum osmolality may rise . Appropriate management includes to restore volume : __________ .

17

features fluid in the alveolar spaces , impairing gas exchange . It may occur due to heart failure or fluid overload . involves the brain and can cause headaches , confusion , or herniation if severe . Edema types can be classified as , intracellular , or transcompartmental : __________ .

18

regulation integrates signals from and volume receptors . The interprets increased plasma osmolality as a thirst stimulus , prompting fluid intake . This mechanism helps maintain serum osmolality close to a narrow range . The key regulator of thirst is : __________ .

19

The principal extracellular cation is ; the principal intracellular cation is . An isolated rise in sodium without accompanying water can lead to hypernatremia , manifesting with thirst and neurologic symptoms . Potassium balance is regulated by in the kidneys and by insulin and acid - base status in cells : __________ .

20

A patient with Na + 150 mEq / L experiences , which can cause confusion and due to brain cell dehydration . Corrective therapy involves careful to avoid rapid shifts that could lead to cerebral edema . The condition described is : __________ .

21

is essential for resting membrane potential and cardiac conduction . Its levels are tightly controlled by and cellular uptake . A potassium imbalance can cause muscle weakness or arrhythmias . The hormone most closely linked to potassium excretion is : __________ .

22

A patient with muscle spasms and tetany most likely has a deficiency of or , depending on the presentation . Tetany is classically associated with low causing neuromuscular excitability . The electrolyte linked to neuromuscular excitability is : __________ .

23

deficiency can predispose to system instability , including dysrhythmias and neuromuscular irritability . Magnesium follows and interacts with in regulating conduction and muscle tone . The electrolyte involved is : __________ .

24

often moves with to maintain ; it also participates in acid - base balance as a major anion . Low chloride can accompany metabolic alkalosis , while high chloride may accompany metabolic acidosis in some scenarios . The electrolyte that commonly follows sodium to maintain neutrality is : __________ .

25

Normal blood . A pH of 7 . 30 indicates requiring investigation of the underlying disturbance . If CO2 is high , the condition is metabolic compensation ongoing for respiratory acidosis ; if CO2 is low , the body has compensated via hyperventilation . The standard reference range for pH is : __________ .

 
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