Relier Pairs World History Final study sheetVersion en ligne World History Final study sheet par ETHAN ZINK 1 What are the 5 main world religions and their primary religious codes? 2 What do major world religions have in common? 3 What contributed to the Roman Empire collapsing? 4 What impact does water have on a civilization? 5 What is the Code of Hammurabi and its lasting impact on modern legal systems? 6 What political system developed in Europe when the Roman Empire collapsed? How was it structured? 7 Where did democracy originate? 8 How did Roman government impact the modern world? 9 What purpose does creation myths have in early civilizations? 10 What were the original reasons for the First Crusades? They share belief in a higher power, moral codes, compassion, afterlife, and rituals for meaning. In ancient Athens, Greece, around the 5th century BCE. Feudalism developed in Europe after Rome's fall. It was structured as a hierarchy: king > lords > vassals/knights > serfs. Christianity (Bible), Islam (Qur'an), Hinduism (Vedas), Buddhism (Tripitaka), Judaism (Torah). To aid Byzantium against Seljuk Turks and liberate Jerusalem/Holy Land from Muslim control. Enables agriculture, trade, sanitation, and settlement growth, shaping the rise and survival of civilizations. Barbarian invasions, economic decline, political instability, military weakening, and climate/disease factors. Shaped modern republics (e.g., US Senate, checks & balances) and civil law systems worldwide via codified principles. These explained the world's origins, defined humanity's place in the cosmos, reinforced cultural values, and provided social cohesion. One of the earliest written legal codes. It pioneered codified, public laws influencing rule of law and justice in modern systems. 1 What are the Three Estates during the French Revolution? What was the inherent problem in the system? 2 What were the impacts of the Crusades? 3 What were the primary ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution? 4 What are the similarities of the Reformation and the Renaissance? 5 What was the Reformation and its impacts on Europe? 6 What were the primary complaints of Protestants during the Reformation? 7 What were the impacts of the Black Plague on European society? 8 What is The Declaration of the Rights of Man? 9 Who was Martin Luther and what was his impact on history? 10 What was the conflict about geocentric theory over and who were the major players? 1st Clergy, 2nd Nobility, 3rd Commoners. 3rd (98% pop) had no real power but paid most taxes. Sale of indulgences, papal corruption, salvation by works over faith alone, and Scripture over church tradition. Both were humanistic movements reviving classical learning, challenging medieval authority, and sparking cultural change in Europe. (It clashed with heliocentrism (Sun-centered). Key figures: Ptolemy (supported geo), Copernicus/Galileo (pushed helio), Church opposed Galileo. Millions died, Europe’s trade boomed, feudalism weakened, Church power grew, East-West divide deepened. Enlightenment: reason, liberty, progress, tolerance. Scientific Revolution: empiricism, heliocentrism, experimentation. Proclaimed liberty, equality, and fraternity for citizens. Inherent problem: it excluded women and upheld slavery. A German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, splitting Christianity. A 16th-century split from the Catholic Church led by Luther, sparking Protestantism. It caused religious wars, division, and modernized Europe. Massive population loss; higher wages; weakened feudalism; social mobility; anti-Jewish pogroms; religious fervor. 1 What role did the slave trade (Triangle Trade) play in the Age of European expansion? 2 What is absolutism? 3 What is the Columbian Exchange and what did it include? 4 Why did Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power? 5 What were the impacts of the Age of Exploration (Age of Discovery)? 6 Who was Robespierre? What was the Committee for Public Safety? What was the Reign of terror? 7 What was the Magna Carta? 8 Who was John Locke and what were the basic ideas he encouraged about government? 9 What advancements from China helped shape the world? 10 How and why did colonialism develop between Europe an Africa, Asia, and South America? By providing slave labor for American plantations, generating immense wealth from cash crops that funded colonialism and imperialism. A political system where a monarch holds unlimited, supreme power with no checks from laws or assemblies. Through military genius in the French Revolutionary Wars, exploiting post-Revolution chaos, and the 1799 coup that made him First Consul. Radical French Revolution leader. / Revolutionary executive body he dominated. / 1793-94 period of mass executions to protect the Republic. Via 15th-century explorations for trade routes/spices, enabled by naval tech. Global trade boomed via Columbian Exchange; colonization & wealth for Europe; but diseases, slavery & native devastation. An English philosopher. He argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property), government by consent, and the right to revolt against tyranny. The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and New World after 1492. It included crops, livestock, and smallpox. Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass—revolutionized global knowledge, warfare, and exploration. A 1215 charter forced on King John by barons, limiting royal power and establishing rule of law principles. 1 Who is Karl Marx & Engels and what were their ideas? How did they impact Vladimir Lenin's thinking? 2 Why was it said "the sun never sets on the British Empire?" 3 What is capitalism and how does it work? 4 What is Nationalism? 5 Impact of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination? 6 What were the positive and negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution? 7 Why did the Great War start? What were its major causes? 8 What is the relationship between Industrialism and Imperialism? 9 What were working conditions like in the Industrial Revolution? 10 What is self-determination? The right and ability of individuals or groups to freely choose their own political status and destiny. Industrialism fueled imperialism by creating demand for raw materials, new markets for goods, and superior technology for conquest. Workers endured 12-16 hour days, low pay, dangerous machinery, child labor, and unsanitary factories/mines with no rights. Triggered the July Crisis, leading Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and igniting World War I via alliance systems. Because the British Empire's vast territories spanned the globe across many time zones, the sun was always shining on some part of it. An economic system where private individuals own production means, driven by profit in free markets. An ideology prioritizing loyalty to one's nation, its culture, and interests above others. Rapid tech progress, economic growth, urbanization. / Pollution, child labor, inequality. Authored Communist Manifesto; advocated class struggle, abolition of private property. Inspired Lenin's Bolshevik revolution & Marxism-Leninism. Due to alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 1 How did the Great War (WWI) end? What were its impacts? 2 What does the quite "The War to End All Wars" imply? What was the reality of the statement? 3 Why did Russia exit the Great War in 1917? Why did the Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) occur? 4 How was the Great War fought? What is trench warfare and how did it operate? 5 Who was Joseph Stalin? 6 What were the causes & impacts of the Great Depression? 7 What was the Soviet Union? 8 Who was Vladimir Lenin? 9 What is a totalitarian government? 10 What was the lasting impact of the Treaty of Versailles? The dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, responsible for industrialization, WWII victory, and millions of deaths. Via trench warfare, which is a static fighting from dug trenches with machine guns, artillery, and no-man's-land raids. A communist superpower from 1922 to 1991, spanning Eurasia with a one-party rule. That WWI would be the final war, ending all future conflicts through defeat of militarism. Reality: Ironic failure—led to WWII just 20 years later. It bred deep German resentment through harsh terms, reparations, and war guilt, fueling Hitler's rise and contributing to World War II. With Germany's surrender. 16M dead, empires fell, Versailles Treaty, led to WWII. Due to war exhaustion, defeats, and the February Revolution. / Economic collapse, food shortages, and Lenin's promise of peace, land, bread 1929 stock crash, bank failures, overproduction, Fed policies. / Mass unemployment (25%), poverty, deflation; led to New Deal, WWII rise. A Russian revolutionary, Bolshevik leader, and founder of the Soviet Union. Seeks total control over all aspects of public and private life, using propaganda, surveillance, and repression. 1 What was the Holocaust? What was a lasting impact of the Holocaust? 2 What was the Berlin Airlift and why did it happen? What did it say about the Cold War? 3 What happened to Germany after WW2? 4 Why did the League of Nations fall? What were its problems and challenges? 5 Why did Germany take the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia? 6 Why did Japan invade Manchuria and what was its impact? 7 What is appeasement and how did it help start WW2? 8 What conflict started after WW2? 9 What was the Nuremburg Trials and what was its message to society? 10 What was the impact of Hitler invading Russia in WW2? 11 Who was Winston Churchill? Prosecuted Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity. No one is above the law—"following orders" is no excuse. Yielding to aggressors to keep peace. UK's policy let Hitler expand, emboldening him to start WW2. The Cold War Overextended German forces, led to massive losses, and became a turning point shifting momentum to the Allies Due to weak enforcement, US absence, and aggressor nations ignoring it. For resources and after staging the Mukden Incident as pretext. Made puppet Manchukuo, hurt League of Nations, led to full China war and WWII in Asia. Was divided into East (Soviet) and West (Allied) zones; occupied until 1949, then split into two states. Britain's Prime Minister during WWII, famed orator, and Nobel Prize-winning writer. To defy Versailles, Austria and Sudetenland/Czechoslovakia to unite ethnic Germans, and gain resources for Lebensraum. Western Allies’ airlift supplied West Berlin after a Soviet blockade, showing early Cold War tensions and Western resolve without direct war. Nazi Germany's systematic genocide of 6 million Jews (1933–1945). Establishment of Israel in 1948 and global human rights advancements. 1 70.c - How did the UN returning Israel to the Jews create problems? 2 What is a Superpower? 3 What did the Superpowers (USA & USSR) do to control and influence other countries during the cold war? 4 What are the primary roadblocks to peace in the Middle East? (Especially between Arabs and Jews) 5 Who was Gandhi and what was his role in the Independence of India from the British Empire? 6 What was the Cold War? How long did it last? How was it fought? 7 What did Soviet Union do to Eastern Europe after WW2? 8 What is NATO and what was in a reaction to? 9 What are some of the causes of terrorism? 10 What is MAD and its impact the Cold War? What role did nuclear weapons play in the Cold War? 11 What is a command economy and how does it work? 12 70.b - What was the lasting impact of the United Nations returning Israel to the Jews? 13 70.d - What role has terrorism played in the relationship between Palestinians and Israel? 14 70.a - Why did the United Nations return Israel to the Jews? 70 - The UN partitioned Palestine in 1947 to create a Jewish state post-Holocaust, amid Zionist claims & Arab opposition. Angered Arabs, displaced Palestinians, and sparked wars with neighboring states, creating lasting territorial disputes and Middle East instability. Occupied Eastern Europe, installed communist governments, and turned countries into satellite states behind the Iron Curtain. Fought via proxy wars, arms race, and ideology, avoiding direct conflict. Disputes over land, refugees, Jerusalem, security, and mutual distrust, fueling ongoing conflict between Arabs and Israelis. Led India’s nonviolent movement against British rule, using civil disobedience to help achieve independence in 1947. AUS-Soviet ideological rivalry (1947-1991). Lasted ~44 years. Fought via proxies, arms race, espionage—not direct war. A nation with dominant global influence via military, economic, and political power. A system where the government centrally plans and controls production, prices, and resource allocation. A military alliance of 32 countries for collective defense, formed in 1949 in response to Soviet expansionism after WWII Provided international legitimacy for Israel's establishment in 1948, sparking the Arab-Israeli conflict and decades of ongoing disputes. Fueled fear and retaliation, deepening mistrust as attacks by militant groups and harsh responses by Israel prolong the conflict. Political grievances, ideological/religious extremism, economic inequality, and perceived oppression. A nuclear attack by one side would trigger retaliation destroying both. It deterred direct US-USSR war.
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