FUELS AND COMBUSTION 2334656
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any matter used to produced heat by burning. It's a substance that produces useful energy when it undergoes a chemical reaction, such as combustion, or by nuclear means such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
2
are substances that generate energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of oxidation
3
describes the loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen electrons by a molecule, atom, or iron.
4
can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuels consisting of, or derived from biomass. They are also considered as alternative fuels.
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is a renewable energy source, biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuel.
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the earliest fuel that was employed by human is
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are hydrocarbons. Primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed form the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of million years ago.
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is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Referred to as consisting of a "backbone" or "skeleton"
composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen and other bonded compounds, and have a functional
group that generally facilitates combustion.
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is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy.
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is released by the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei of atom(s).
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is one that is capable of sustaining a chain reaction of nuclear
fission.
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is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller
parts, often producing free neutrons and lighter nuclei, which may eventually produce photons (in
the form of gamma rays).
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currently not utilized by man
but are the main source of fuel for stars, the most powerful energy sources in nature.
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is the process by which multiple like-charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier
nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy, which allows matter to enter a
plasma state
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are produced, no further energy can be obtained
by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies.
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is the calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and
products in a balanced chemical reaction (chemicals). It can be used to calculate quantities such as
the amount of products that can be produced with the given reactants and percent yield.9
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of a hydrocarbon fuel requires sufficient air to convert the fuel
completely to carbon dioxide and water vapor.
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by definition, contain sufficient oxygen for complete combustion;
thus, operating at the stoichiometric AFR will release all the latent heat of combustion of the fuel.
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compounds with high molecular weight containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and
usually sulfur and nitrogen. They are formed when the hydrocarbon molecules in stored fuels are
oxidized or polymerized after exposure to air, sunlight, and/or elevated temperatures.
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can prevent the formation of gums.
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introduced during certain refining processes can oxidize and contribute to the
formation of filter clogging gums in any type of fuel.
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Metal introduced during certain refining processes can oxidize and contribute to the
formation of filter clogging gums in any type of fuel. This problem is addressed by using a
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occurs after fuels leave the refinery
since the refining process sterilizes fuel.
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,include bacteria
and fungi, feed on the fuel and use the water in the fuel for their
oxygen supply. They can multiply and plug fuel filters with an
odorous slime. also produce corrosive
acid by products.
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Minimizing water content and treating with a
_______ will control microbial growth in fuel.
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is a common contaminant of fuels and usually consists
of rust, mineral scale, sand, dirt, and other insoluble impurities.
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can be corrosive to metals in fuel systems and are controlled by the total sulfur content limits found in the fuel specification.
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very common fuel impurity
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are intended to help improve fuel economy, lower maintenance costs, reduce
impurities and harmful deposits, reduce exhaust emissions, and improve the overall performance
and reliability of the fuel.
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was a common gasoline additive until the late 1960s used to obtain higher octane
ratings and reduce engine "knock".
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are primarily used to prevent gum formation is gasolines and aviation fuels.
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may be added to any type of fuel to kill microbes when their growth becomes a recurring problem.
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increase the electrical conductivity of gasoline's aviation and
diesel fuels, thereby reducing the build-up of static charges during mixing, transfer and shipment.
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protect against corrosion during pipeline transfer and storage of fuels.
They have also been found to improve the lubricity, or capacity of the fuel to reduce the friction
between the moving parts in a fuel injector.
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prevent the build-up of gum deposits in engine
and extend fuel injector life. They also help keep fuel filters clean.
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are used primarily in aviation fuel to prevent the formation of ice crystals
from entrapped water in the fuel at freezing temperatures encountered during high altitude flight.
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are oxygen-containing hydrocarbons that are added to automotive gasoline to
boost the octane rating, reduce the smog-forming tendencies of exhaust gases and suppress engine
knock. The increased oxygen content promotes more complete combustion, thereby reducing
tailpipe emissions.
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reduce fuel fouling of critical jet engine components. Refers to the ability of the fuel to be used in a system without degradation.
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results in fuel breakdown that can cause carbon build-up on engine nozzles, afterburner spray
assemblies, and manifolds. In some instances, fuel degradation changes the spray pattern in the
combuster of the afterburner, which lead to damage of engine components, flameouts and
augmentor anomalies.
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