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Diabetes is a metabolic disorder involving insulin/glucose metabolism, not primarily a kidney, liver, or thyroid issue.
Insulin is the key that allows glucose entry; glucagon raises blood glucose, others have different roles.
Type 1 needs insulin due to little/no insulin production; diet alone cannot replace insulin.
Type 2 is the most common form, often linked to insulin resistance and lifestyle factors.
Prediabetes means high blood sugar not yet diagnostic; risk of progressing to type 2 is high.
Gestational diabetes arises during pregnancy and may affect both mother and baby.
Diagnosis requires at least 3 of the listed factors like obesity, BP, lipids, or glucose.
The 3 P’s are Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia; other symptoms may occur too.
Glargine is a long-acting type with no pronounced peak, providing steady coverage.
Basal insulin stabilizes glucose during fasting; bolus insulin covers meals.
Bolus insulin rapidly reduces post-meal glucose spikes.
HbA1c reflects long-term control; others are point-in-time tests.
HbA1c target is commonly under 7%, balancing control and hypoglycemia risk.
DKA arises from insulin deficiency leading to ketone production and acidosis.
HHNKS is typical in type 2 with severe hyperglycemia but no ketosis.
Low blood sugar triggers hunger and autonomic symptoms like sweating.
Fast carbs raise blood glucose quickly; always reassess after 15 minutes.
Illness often raises glucose; continue meds and monitor closely.
AC & HS readings help tailor treatment and detect trends.
Consistent carbs stabilize post-meal glucose; balance is key.
The plate method visualizes portions to balance macros.
Metformin also improves sensitivity; sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release.
Rotate injection sites to prevent fat buildup that alters absorption.
Two elevated fasting readings confirm diagnosis; other tests support it.
Bradycardia is not a classic diabetes symptom; polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss are.
Diabetes commonly affects eyes, kidneys, nerves, and vessels; retinopathy is key.
Glargine is typically given alone and not mixed in the same syringe.
Education covers multiple lifestyle and treatment aspects for control.
Pumps provide steady basal insulin and bolus for meals.
Preprandial targets aim to keep glucose in a safe, normal range.
HbA1c reflects long-term control over 2–3 months.
GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic incretins to enhance insulin response.
Kussmaul respirations reflect metabolic acidosis in DKA.
Acute complications are sudden; gastroparesis develops over time.
During illness glucose may fluctuate; frequent checks are advised.
Rotation helps prevent lipohypertrophy and absorption variability.
Obesity strongly increases risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
A glucometer measures capillary glucose at home.
Blood pressure control reduces cardiovascular risk in diabetes.
HbA1c indicates average glucose over the RBC lifespan (~120 days).
Site rotation prevents fat deposits that alter absorption.
The plate method visually balances portions at meals.
Managing triglycerides and HDL are key; high triglycerides are a risk.
Regular insulin is suitable for IV administration in certain settings.
Diabetes can cause kidney (nephropathy) and other chronic issues.
Fiber and nutrient density improve metabolic health and glycemic control.
Fruity breath is a classic, though other symptoms like dehydration occur too.
HbA1c helps assess overall control over months, not daily values.
Autonomic symptoms like hunger and sweating are early signs.
The 3 P’s are hallmark symptoms of hyperglycemia.
Regular physical activity improves glycemic control and lipid profile.
Detemir is a long-acting insulin; others are rapid or short-acting.
HbA1c provides a picture of average glucose over months.
Elevated BP, not low, is part of the diagnostic criteria.
Oral agents target type 2 diabetes; type 1 requires insulin.
A holistic approach combines diet, activity, and medications.
Hypoglycemia is a common acute complication in treated diabetes.
Lipohypertrophy is due to repeated injections in same spot.
Different insulins have distinct onset, peak, and duration profiles.
Type 1 often requires lifelong insulin therapy; others may or may not.
OGTT assesses glucose response after a carbohydrate load.
Sedentary lifestyle increases risk; activity aids prevention.
Foot care prevents ulcers; inspect daily and wear proper shoes.
Bolus insulin targets post-meal glucose spikes.
Kidney damage is a major chronic complication of diabetes.
Spanish alphabet, listening-based assessment