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The pituitary coordinates other glands via releasing hormones.
T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate; calcitonin lowers calcium.
Cortisol and related steroids are corticosteroids produced by the cortex.
Aldosterone acts on kidneys to preserve sodium and water.
Medulla hormones prepare body for fight-or-flight.
Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells.
Glucagon signals liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
Calcitonin helps keep blood calcium from rising.
Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium via bones and kidneys.
Melatonin from the pineal aids sleep-wake regulation.
Thymus is prominent in early life for T lymphocytes.
Estrogen and progesterone drive female reproductive functions.
Testosterone drives male secondary sexual characteristics.
Islets of Langerhans produce insulin and glucagon.
Insulin facilitates cellular glucose uptake.
Cortisol is a corticosteroid from the adrenal cortex.
Hypothalamus sends releasing hormones to control the pituitary.
Parathyroids regulate calcium with PTH.
PTH mobilizes calcium from bone to the blood.
Master gland responds to hypothalamic signals.
Medulla hormones prepare body for stress.
Melatonin production increases in darkness.
Calcitonin reduces calcium release from bones.
Cortical corticosteroids support metabolism and balance.
Epinephrine rapidly prepares body for action.
Islets of Langerhans manage blood glucose via insulin/glucagon.
Cortisol is a key stress hormone from the adrenal cortex.
Gonads produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
PTH helps maintain blood calcium, not prevent urinary loss specifically.
Hypothalamus sends releasing/inhibiting hormones to the pituitary.
Insulin lowers, glucagon raises blood glucose.
Thyroid hormones accelerate or decelerate metabolism.
Melatonin influences circadian rhythms and mood.
Ovaries are the primary source of female sex hormones.
Cortisol modulates metabolism and immune response during stress.
Cortical steroids influence multiple body systems.
Active vitamin D enhances calcium absorption in gut; PTH helps regulate levels.
PTH raises calcium; calcitonin lowers it, maintaining balance.
Anterior pituitary releases hormones that stimulate thyroid, adrenal, gonads, etc.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and water retention.
Exocrine pancreas enzymes are released to the digestive system, not blood.
Imbalances in hormone production underlie most disorders.
Parathyroids adjust calcium through PTH.
Epinephrine is a key emergency hormone in fight-or-flight.
Master gland regulates other endocrine glands via hormones.
Renal calcium handling is complex; PTH and calcitonin are primary regulators.
Thymus hormones aid T cell maturation early in life.
Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown to raise glucose.
Islets regulate blood sugar via insulin and glucagon.
Aldosterone acts on kidneys to adjust sodium and water.
Adrenal glands secrete cortisol and catecholamines for stress response.
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.
Estrogen regulates female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Gonadal hormones drive puberty-related changes.
Pineal gland secretes melatonin affecting sleep and mood.
Adrenal cortex steroids regulate metabolism and inflammation.
Posterior pituitary stores/releases oxytocin and vasopressin.
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