Compléter
Tariff - Podcast Thinking in englishVersion en ligne
Complete the frases
1
produced
goods
businesses
financial
merchandise
environment
duty
Vocabulary
Tariff
(
Noun
)
:
A
tax
or
placed
on
a
specific
class
of
imports
or
exports
.
The
government
imposed
a
20%
tariff
on
imported
cars
.
Tax
(
Noun
)
:
A
compulsory
charge
or
levy
imposed
by
a
government
on
individuals
or
businesses
.
Income
tax
in
the
country
increased
this
year
to
support
healthcare
.
Import
(
Noun
/
Verb
)
:
Bringing
or
services
into
a
country
from
abroad
for
sale
or
use
.
The
company
imports
electronics
from
Japan
.
Export
(
Noun
/
Verb
)
:
Sending
goods
or
services
in
one
country
to
another
country
for
sale
.
Brazil
?
s
coffee
exports
are
a
major
part
of
its
economy
.
Good
(
Noun
)
:
A
physical
item
that
can
be
bought
or
sold
;
or
products
.
The
grocery
store
shelves
were
stocked
with
a
variety
of
goods
.
Domestic
(
Adjective
)
:
Relating
to
one
?
s
own
country
;
not
foreign
or
international
.
The
government
supports
domestic
through
subsidies
.
To
impose
(
Verb
)
:
To
establish
or
apply
a
rule
,
tax
,
or
penalty
in
a
forceful
way
.
The
new
law
imposes
stricter
regulations
on
waste
disposal
to
protect
the
.
2
merchandise
duty
businesses
produced
environment
financial
goods
Vocabulary
Tariff
(
Noun
)
:
A
tax
or
placed
on
a
specific
class
of
imports
or
exports
.
The
government
imposed
a
20%
tariff
on
imported
cars
.
Tax
(
Noun
)
:
A
compulsory
charge
or
levy
imposed
by
a
government
on
individuals
or
businesses
.
Income
tax
in
the
country
increased
this
year
to
support
healthcare
.
Import
(
Noun
/
Verb
)
:
Bringing
or
services
into
a
country
from
abroad
for
sale
or
use
.
The
company
imports
electronics
from
Japan
.
Export
(
Noun
/
Verb
)
:
Sending
goods
or
services
in
one
country
to
another
country
for
sale
.
Brazil
?
s
coffee
exports
are
a
major
part
of
its
economy
.
Good
(
Noun
)
:
A
physical
item
that
can
be
bought
or
sold
;
or
products
.
The
grocery
store
shelves
were
stocked
with
a
variety
of
goods
.
Domestic
(
Adjective
)
:
Relating
to
one
?
s
own
country
;
not
foreign
or
international
.
The
government
supports
domestic
through
subsidies
.
To
impose
(
Verb
)
:
To
establish
or
apply
a
rule
,
tax
,
or
penalty
in
a
forceful
way
.
The
new
law
imposes
stricter
regulations
on
waste
disposal
to
protect
the
.
3
selling
Specific
price
products
Valorem
remains
shipped
What
is
a
Tariff
?
Let
?
s
start
with
the
basics
.
A
tariff
is
basically
a
tax
places
on
goods
(
,
food
,
etc
)
as
they
cross
a
national
border
.
Usually
,
it
is
paid
when
a
good
is
imported
into
a
country
.
This
means
that
when
a
product
is
from
one
country
to
another
,
the
importing
country
?
s
government
may
decide
to
add
a
fee
to
it
,
which
is
known
as
a
tariff
.
For
example
,
if
you
are
carrots
in
Poland
,
and
someone
in
Brazil
really
wants
to
buy
your
carrots
so
you
send
a
box
of
carrots
,
the
government
in
Brazil
might
add
a
tariff
to
the
carrots
when
it
enters
Brazil
.
There
are
two
main
types
of
tariffs
.
Ad
tariffs
are
based
on
a
percentage
of
the
item
?
s
value
.
For
example
,
if
a
country
imposes
a
10%
tariff
on
imported
cars
,
the
tariff
will
vary
depending
on
the
of
the
car
.
A
$20
,
000
car
would
carry
a
$2
,
000
tariff
,
while
a
$40
,
000
car
would
carry
a
$4
,
000
tariff
.
The
other
type
are
specific
tariffs
.
tariffs
are
fixed
fees
applied
to
the
amount
of
something
imported
,
regardless
of
the
item
?
s
value
.
For
instance
,
a
tariff
of
$0
.
50
per
kilogram
could
be
charged
on
the
weight
of
imported
goods
,
meaning
that
no
matter
the
market
price
of
the
product
,
the
cost
fixed
.
It
doesn
?
t
matter
if
the
carrots
are
worth
$1
a
kilogram
or
$2
a
kilogram
,
the
specific
tariff
is
fixed
.
4
unfairly
negotiating
impose
support
money
funding
argued
people
purpose
domestic
pressure
buying
different
Purpose
of
a
Tariff
There
are
many
reasons
why
a
country
may
decide
to
tariffs
on
imports
from
all
or
specific
countries
on
different
products
and
goods
.
Historically
,
tariffs
were
a
major
source
of
revenue
for
countries
.
They
were
a
way
for
a
country
to
make
.
We
?
ll
talk
about
this
a
little
later
,
but
the
United
States
government
relied
on
tariffs
for
the
government
before
they
introduced
income
taxes
.
Today
,
very
few
countries
use
tariffs
for
this
.
Instead
,
the
main
goal
of
tariffs
is
often
to
protect
industries
from
foreign
competition
.
It
works
by
making
imported
goods
more
expensive
,
so
people
are
more
likely
to
buy
locally
made
products
.
If
a
car
made
in
the
USA
costs
$10
,
000
,
but
a
similar
car
made
in
Korea
costs
$8000
,
many
people
may
be
interested
in
that
cheaper
Korean
car
.
However
,
if
the
US
government
decided
to
put
a
tariff
of
25%
on
the
Korean
car
industry
,
then
both
cars
would
be
the
same
price
,
and
more
would
buy
the
American
made
car
.
At
least
this
is
the
basic
idea
.
The
goal
is
to
domestic
jobs
and
businesses
by
encouraging
people
to
buy
things
made
in
a
country
.
This
is
sometimes
called
"
protectionism
,
"
as
the
goal
is
to
protect
a
country
?
s
economy
from
outside
competition
.
Sometimes
tariffs
are
used
as
a
tool
in
international
trade
.
A
government
might
impose
tariffs
to
another
country
into
changing
its
trade
practices
or
to
gain
better
terms
in
a
trade
agreement
.
For
example
,
Trump
introduced
loads
of
tariffs
on
Chinese
products
during
his
last
term
as
President
,
partly
because
he
China
wasn
?
t
respecting
the
intellectual
property
of
US
companies
(
basically
stealing
designs
)
and
was
keeping
prices
low
.
5
consumers
technically
medium
generally
furniture
believes
believed
approach
materials
customs
supply
distributor
budgets
pays
increases
confusion
targeted
stores
retailers
contributing
How
Do
Tariffs
Work
and
Who
Pays
Them
?
There
has
been
a
lot
of
around
how
tariffs
work
and
who
pays
them
,
especially
on
social
media
in
the
US
.
When
Trump
announced
his
tariff
plans
,
many
of
his
supporters
it
would
mean
that
foreign
companies
would
need
to
pay
extra
to
sell
things
in
the
USA
.
This
isn
?
t
the
case
.
Let
?
s
take
a
brief
look
at
how
a
tariff
works
.
When
a
country
imposes
a
tariff
,
the
process
begins
at
the
border
.
Let
?
s
say
a
U
.
S
.
business
wants
to
import
from
China
.
When
the
shipment
arrives
at
a
U
.
S
.
port
,
officials
will
apply
the
tariff
rate
.
This
tariff
rate
could
be
a
percentage
of
the
furniture
?
s
total
value
(
an
ad
valorem
tariff
)
or
a
fixed
cost
based
on
the
weight
(
a
specific
tariff
)
.
The
importing
company
the
tariff
at
this
point
,
and
this
payment
goes
directly
to
the
government
,
to
its
revenue
.
So
it
isn
?
t
the
foreign
country
or
company
that
pays
the
tariff
,
it
is
the
company
importing
the
product
.
While
the
importing
business
pays
the
tariff
when
the
goods
arrive
,
these
costs
are
rarely
absorbed
by
the
importer
alone
.
Instead
,
the
added
cost
is
typically
passed
down
the
chain
.
When
the
tariff
is
paid
,
the
cost
of
imported
goods
immediately
for
the
importing
company
.
For
example
,
if
a
U
.
S
.
business
imports
$10
,
000
worth
of
furniture
from
China
with
a
25%
tariff
,
the
cost
jumps
to
$12
,
500
.
Importers
then
pass
these
extra
costs
on
to
(
the
people
selling
the
furniture
)
.
A
furniture
in
the
U
.
S
.
,
for
instance
,
might
sell
the
furniture
to
local
at
a
higher
price
to
cover
the
added
expense
from
the
tariff
.
Eventually
,
this
markup
reaches
,
who
end
up
paying
more
for
the
same
product
.
In
this
way
,
consumers
,
rather
than
importers
or
retailers
,
often
bear
the
real
cost
of
tariffs
.
That
$1
,
000
sofa
may
now
cost
$1
,
250
,
impacting
household
across
the
country
.
Tariffs
can
also
affect
industries
beyond
just
those
directly
.
For
example
,
if
tariffs
make
certain
raw
materials
more
expensive
,
companies
that
rely
on
these
might
have
to
raise
their
prices
as
well
.
In
some
cases
,
companies
may
choose
not
to
pass
on
the
full
tariff
cost
to
customers
.
If
a
business
that
raising
prices
could
reduce
demand
for
their
products
,
it
may
absorb
part
of
the
cost
to
stay
competitive
.
However
,
this
is
not
sustainable
in
the
long
term
,
especially
for
small
and
-
sized
businesses
.
6
disputes
income
between
continued
aimed
Progressive
covering
replaced
economists
movement
responded
cycle
revenue
damage
hypothetical
Agreement
gradually
Smoot
deals
famous
Depression
World
Tariffs
in
the
Real
World
From
Tariffs
to
Free
Trade
So
far
everything
I
?
ve
talked
about
has
been
,
but
how
about
tariffs
in
the
real
world
?
Before
taxes
were
common
,
tariffs
tended
to
be
one
the
main
sources
of
government
,
especially
in
countries
like
the
United
States
.
In
the
early
days
of
the
U
.
S
.
,
customs
duties
and
tariffs
funded
the
government
almost
entirely
,
expenses
from
national
defence
to
infrastructure
projects
.
For
much
of
the
18th
and
19th
centuries
,
tariffs
were
used
not
only
to
generate
revenue
but
also
to
encourage
domestic
production
by
making
foreign
goods
more
expensive
.
This
into
the
20th
century
.
One
of
the
most
tariff
policies
in
the
US
was
the
-
Hawley
Tariff
Act
of
1930
.
The
act
was
passed
during
the
Great
and
imposed
high
tariffs
on
a
wide
range
of
imported
goods
in
an
effort
to
protect
American
industries
and
jobs
.
However
,
the
move
backfired
.
Other
countries
with
their
own
tariffs
,
leading
to
a
decline
in
international
trade
.
Many
believe
that
the
Smoot
-
Hawley
Act
worsened
the
global
economic
downturn
by
creating
a
of
protectionism
,
where
countries
kept
raising
tariffs
in
response
to
each
other
,
hurting
industries
and
consumers
worldwide
.
After
it
became
clear
that
tariffs
could
cause
major
to
economies
,
many
countries
and
economists
started
to
advocate
for
"
free
trade
"
?
trade
without
tariffs
.
The
General
on
Tariffs
and
Trade
(
GATT
)
was
formed
in
1947
,
which
to
reduce
tariffs
and
trade
barriers
among
participating
countries
.
Through
a
series
of
meetings
,
GATT
member
countries
agreed
to
lower
tariffs
and
other
trade
barriers
.
The
Trade
Organization
(
WTO
)
was
created
in
1995
.
The
WTO
expanded
on
GATT
?
s
mission
,
providing
a
place
for
countries
to
resolve
trade
and
further
reduce
tariffs
.
There
were
also
more
specific
free
trade
agreements
groups
of
countries
that
aimed
to
get
rid
of
tariffs
.
The
North
American
Free
Trade
Agreement
(
which
was
by
the
United
States
-
Mexico
-
Canada
Agreement
)
eliminated
most
tariffs
on
trade
in
North
America
,
Comprehensive
and
Agreement
for
Trans
-
Pacific
Partnership
promotes
free
trade
across
Pacific
countries
in
the
Americas
and
Asia
(
Trump
famously
pulled
the
USA
out
of
this
agreement
during
his
last
term
as
president
)
.
The
most
famous
example
of
free
trade
is
the
European
Union
,
which
went
even
further
than
other
by
creating
a
customs
union
and
single
market
which
allowed
for
the
free
of
goods
,
services
,
and
people
across
borders
without
tariffs
or
restrictions
.
7
farmers
allies
introducing
retaliation
particularly
targeted
several
Chinese
address
Trump
?
s
Previous
Tariffs
Trump
has
a
track
record
of
tariffs
during
his
last
time
as
president
.
In
2018
,
the
U
.
S
.
imposed
tariffs
on
billions
of
dollars
?
worth
of
goods
,
targeting
products
like
electronics
,
machinery
,
and
textiles
.
These
tariffs
were
intended
to
what
the
U
.
S
.
saw
as
unfair
trade
practices
by
China
,
including
intellectual
property
theft
.
China
responded
by
imposing
tariffs
on
U
.
S
.
goods
,
agricultural
products
.
This
hurt
American
,
especially
those
exporting
soybeans
and
pork
.
Also
in
2018
,
the
U
.
S
.
imposed
tariffs
on
imported
steel
(
25%
)
and
aluminium
(
10%
)
from
various
countries
,
including
like
Canada
,
Mexico
,
and
the
European
Union
.
The
rationale
was
to
protect
U
.
S
.
steel
and
aluminium
industries
,
which
were
seen
as
vital
for
national
security
.
In
response
,
countries
imposed
tariffs
on
American
exports
,
including
whiskey
,
motorcycles
,
and
food
products
.
For
instance
,
the
EU
?
s
tariffs
products
important
to
U
.
S
.
states
that
supported
the
administration
?
s
policies
,
making
this
a
targeted
form
of
.
8
expanded
competition
businesses
believe
additional
manufacturing
domestic
heated
potential
certain
expensive
Introducing
sells
driven
against
imbalances
reduce
Pros
and
Cons
of
the
U
.
S
.
Introducing
More
Tariffs
The
reintroduction
or
expansion
of
tariffs
in
the
U
.
S
.
is
currently
a
topic
of
debate
,
both
in
the
US
and
around
the
world
.
In
fact
,
I
was
just
reading
this
morning
articles
quoting
UK
politicians
on
how
they
plan
to
deal
with
Trump
if
he
introduces
tariffs
on
the
UK
.
Let
?
s
take
a
quick
look
at
the
major
arguments
for
and
increasing
tariffs
in
the
US
,
starting
with
the
pros
!
Pros
of
More
Tariffs
One
of
the
main
arguments
for
tariffs
is
that
they
can
protect
American
industries
from
foreign
.
By
imposing
tariffs
on
imported
goods
,
the
U
.
S
.
can
make
these
goods
more
expensive
,
encouraging
consumers
and
to
buy
American
-
made
products
.
This
helps
support
industries
and
could
prevent
further
job
losses
in
sectors
like
.
Tariffs
can
also
be
a
tool
to
correct
trade
,
where
the
U
.
S
.
imports
far
more
than
it
exports
to
countries
.
By
making
imported
goods
more
,
tariffs
aim
to
reduce
the
volume
of
imports
and
encourage
domestic
production
,
potentially
helping
to
balance
trade
with
countries
like
China
For
example
,
the
U
.
S
.
-
China
trade
war
in
2018
was
partly
by
the
U
.
S
.
?
s
large
trade
deficit
with
China
.
The
US
buys
a
lot
more
from
China
than
it
to
China
.
Tariffs
on
Chinese
goods
were
intended
to
the
number
of
Chinese
imports
.
Some
also
it
will
encourage
foreign
companies
to
lower
their
prices
as
well
to
maintain
access
to
the
US
market
.
Tariffs
can
serve
as
an
revenue
source
for
the
U
.
S
.
government
,
especially
if
they
are
to
cover
a
wide
range
of
goods
.
Trump
has
used
this
argument
often
and
has
suggested
that
he
will
increase
tariffs
to
fill
the
hole
left
by
tax
cuts
.
9
disrupt
keeping
harm
lead
components
biggest
normally
tariffs
relationships
difficulties
complex
leading
costs
One
of
the
downsides
of
tariffs
is
that
they
to
higher
prices
for
consumers
.
When
tariffs
are
applied
to
imported
goods
,
companies
often
pass
on
these
added
to
consumers
,
making
everyday
items
more
expensive
.
Tariffs
don
?
t
just
impact
consumers
;
they
also
raise
costs
for
American
companies
that
rely
on
imported
materials
or
.
Even
if
US
companies
decide
to
stop
importing
goods
and
start
manufacturing
their
products
domestically
in
the
USA
due
to
,
they
may
still
have
to
pay
tariffs
on
parts
,
components
,
or
the
raw
materials
.
Companies
then
have
a
choice
?
raising
their
prices
(
which
may
lose
customers
)
or
the
prices
the
same
(
but
this
puts
extra
strain
on
businesses
)
.
Modern
industries
rely
on
global
supply
chains
.
A
car
made
in
the
US
may
require
parts
to
imported
from
China
,
metal
from
Europe
,
and
computer
chips
from
Taiwan
.
When
tariffs
these
chains
,
businesses
will
face
sourcing
materials
,
and
production
timelines
can
be
delayed
.
Also
,
tariffs
are
not
just
accepted
by
other
countries
.
When
the
U
.
S
.
imposes
tariffs
,
other
countries
often
respond
by
imposing
tariffs
on
American
goods
,
to
a
trade
war
.
This
can
American
exporters
who
rely
on
selling
products
to
other
countries
.
It
can
also
harm
with
other
countries
.
10
summary
introduce
free
defintion
think
whatever
tried
history
good
examples
expand
Final
Thought
Donald
Trump
plans
to
and
tariffs
on
goods
imported
into
the
USA
.
We
don
?
t
yet
know
the
full
extent
of
this
plan
,
but
happens
it
will
have
consequences
for
businesses
and
consumers
around
the
world
.
Today
I
have
to
explain
tariffs
.
We
talked
about
the
and
of
tariffs
,
how
they
work
,
and
some
real
-
world
.
Then
,
I
ended
with
a
quick
over
the
pros
and
cons
of
the
US
introducing
tariffs
.
What
do
you
?
Do
you
think
increasing
tariffs
is
a
idea
?
Or
do
you
think
that
trade
is
a
better
solution
?
|
FFA Creed Paragraph 3
Complete the lyrics of the song with the words that appear on the right side