Compléter: UOE- Part 2


Compléter UOE- Part 2Version en ligne Read the text. Think of the word which best fits each gap. Write the correct word in each ga par Rya Hi 1 Both the varieties of football that originally hailed Britain , the Rugby and Association games , have probably been as popular as they are now . The association game , or soccer as it has become generally known , is now almost globally popular and judging by the last few World Cups , long a team from Asia , Africa or North America will go on to win the trophy . Rugby ? s progress has been dramatic but the game is becoming increasingly international and is surely destined to continue to expand . Of course , periodically it is that both varieties of football will be afflicted problems stemming from a downturn in the world economy and difficulties generated by financial mismanagement . Collectively , however , their future appears bright . Peculiarly enough , this very little is known about the origins of modern football and many questions relating to growth and development remain unanswered . Football is a very old game , especially in Britai n 2 The Colosseum , is oval shaped , is a Roman amphitheatre in Rome , Italy . It ? s sometimes known the Flavian Amphitheatre because it was built during the Flavian dynasty . It is the largest amphitheatre in the world and is made of stone and concrete . The Colosseum was used as a games arena gladiator contests , and other events . Gladiator games were most popular the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD . The games declined the early 5th century . This was because Christianity became official religion of the Roman Empire . The Colosseum is a strong symbol of Imperial Rome , despite being damaged by earthquakes and stone - robbers . 3 I can always rely on grey squirrels to bring a smile to my . Come rain or , they never let me down . They come tumbling through the bare winter branches like a troop of circus acrobats , walking the tightrope of my washing line upon which they look as comfortable as trapeze artists . I have three regular garden visitors ? the dominant male , a wiry subordinate male , and a beautiful young female whose fluffy white ear - tufts remind me of a rabbit I once had . The males are nervy creatures , but the female is very confiding . Every morning she sits on the step just outside the back door and waits for a handout of nuts . These she usually eats them one by one . For the past fortnight her routine has been disturbed . Grey squirrels begin mating in mid - December , but the males already have eyes for her . The food I put out has continued to disappear . She , however , has been conspicuous by her absence . 4 Spanish cave drawings from more than 15 , 000 years ago show humans with animal skins or furs being around their feet . Shoes , in some form or , have been around for a very long time . The evolution of foot coverings , from the sandal to present - day athletic shoes , which are marvels of engineering , continues today , as we find new materials with which to cover our feet . But , has the shoe really changed that ? We are , in fact , still wearing sandals . These are the oldest crafted foot covering to us . Moccasins are still readily in the form of the loafer . In fact , many of the shoes we wear today can be traced back to era . 5 Did you know that modern pencils might it all to an ancient Roman writing instrument called a stylus ? Scribes used this thin metal rod to leave a light , but readable mark on papyrus , was an early form of paper . Other early styluses were made of lead , which is what we call pencil cores . This is despite the that they are actually made of non - toxic graphite . But pencil history doesn ? t stop . Graphite first into widespread use following the discovery of a large graphite deposit in Borrowdale , England in 1564 . Appreciated for leaving a darker mark than lead , the mineral proved soft and brittle that it required a holder . Originally , graphite sticks were wrapped in string . Later , hollowed - out wooden sticks , which the graphite was inserted , became the pencils we know toda y 6 The bicycle , which is often referred to a bike or cycle , is a human - powered , pedal - driven , single - track vehicle . It has two wheels attached to a frame , with of which is located behind the other . Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe , and as 2003 , more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide . This is twice as as the number of automobiles that have been produced . They are the principal of transportation in many regions of the world . Most notable of these are China and India , where they have also been adapted to carry passengers in the of rickshaws . They are also available as children ? s toys , tools for general fitness , as military and police transportation , and courier services . They are even produced for the of bicycle racing . 7 People shouldn ? t have to hungry . Not because of someone ? s hopeful wish , but because the world produces enough calories to go . Each day , farmers grow 2 , 800 calories per person on the planet , to the U . N . Food and Agriculture Organization . That ? s than enough to surpass the recommended intake of 2 , 100 daily calories per person . That is the amount needed to support a population of nine billion , which we are inching . So why do 805 million people still have too to eat ? To start with , it ? s important to understand the between hunger and undernourishment . Hunger is a physical condition marked stomach pangs and general fatigue . Undernourishment is a more chronic condition than hunge r 8 In 2010 , Professor Joseph Hupy was in South Vietnam taking in an attempt to map the site of the Battle of Khe Sanh . This was one of the infamous battles of the Vietnam War . Attempting to survey the land , Hupy found his body in land leeches and cut by elephant grass , a tall tropical plant with razor - sharp edges . This prompted him to for a different way of doing things . Hupy came with the idea of mapping the land from above , rather than from ground - level . He quickly came to the that using LIDAR , a remote sensing technology used to make high - resolution maps , was too expensive and probably impossible to use in rural Vietnam . What if he just used inexpensive , easily technology to get the information he needed ? He found that digital cameras , GPS receivers , and a basic unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) , which lots of information could be acquired , cost much less money . 9 Mountain Lake is adjacent to the West Coast ? s high - traffic Highway 1 , a busy golf course , and the Richmond neighborhood of San Francisco . These well to urban have contributed to degradation of the lake ? s water clarity . Additionally , the ecosystem ? s biological diversity has been affected by non - native plants and animals that have pushed indigenous species . Then there ? s the lake and a section of shoreline that to be ringed by non - native eucalyptus trees . The eucalyptus were taken out , which the lake got clearer . The removal of the eucalyptus trees was part of the first phase of restoration at Mountain Lake . The initial phase also included weeds being pulled and 14 , 000 native plants being planted . Along polluting the water , the highway runoff contributed to changing Mountain Lake ? s depth from 9 meters to just 3 meters . The lake has also shrunk from the size it had when the Anza expedition camped beside the body water in 1776 . 10 When you of a robot , what do you see ? A machine that looks a bit like you and me ? The reality is that robots can come in many shapes and sizes . They don ? t need to look like humans . In fact , most don ? t . What a robot looks like on its purpose . Flying robots might look like helicopters , or have wings like insects or birds . Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums . Robots that are meant to interact with people often have a face , eyes , or a mouth like we do ! they look like us or not , most robots have three essential ingredients that make them a robot : sensors , actuators , and programs . Together , these ingredients are make a robot different from other electronics and gadgets you might have around your house , like your computer , your washing machine , or your toaster . Helping at home , which other robots are being designed , is not as much of a priority as the exploration of space , or improving our efficiency at work . Whatever their purpose , each robot will need a carefully thought set of sensors , actuators , and programs . 11 The largest animal that has lived , blue whales , can grow to 100 feet long , which is longer than the length of a basketball court . They can weigh as as 200 tons , about the weight of 15 school buses . So , when a blue whale does an ordinary act that is necessary for its own survival , even just breathing or gliding the ocean , it can be an awe - inspiring event . A blue whale ? s call , which the animal uses to communicate with members of its pod and possibly to sonar - navigate the oceans , is unique . It is a cry from the sounds emitted by other marine organisms . They make very distinctive calls underwater , some of are the loudest sounds any animal makes . But the low - frequency sound is normally a human ? s hearing range . Just as impressive as its call is the noticeable mark a blue whale leaves as it sinks into the sea . The phenomenon is called a flukeprint . 12 There are many photographs showing Liberian beekeepers holding curved comb from a top - bar hive , not the oblong combs of the frame hives generally used in the UK . Top - bar hives , which are traditional in Africa , allow bees to together their comb in the shape they wish . It also enables them to structure their nest in accordance their natural instincts . These hives are usually looked without constant intrusive inspections , chemical interventions and sugar feeding . British beekeepers , a significant minority whom have adopted these methods , find the system has value . They claim to keep bees in condition than conventional systems . Their experience is borne by the work of Cornell University ? s eminent Professor Thomas Seeley , among other scientists . Unfortunately , the British Beekeepers Association frowns their pioneering spirit . Furthermore , since they control most funding for training new beekeepers , they remain as little to the general public as organic growers were a few decades ago . 13 It ? s hard not to look at the brush turkey the avian poster child for Aussie grit . It is persisting and thriving , even though the odds are stacked it . They face environmental hardship and sometimes outright hostility , which is truly something behold . That ? s not to talk the likely victory of the majestic white ibis in this year ? s Bird of the Year poll . It , however , be said that this year there has also been a lot of talk about the Australian brush turkey . There has been a lot of love and loathing aimed at this incredible creature . It is indeed one of the most remarkable birds on the planet . The megapodes , which brush turkeys are the largest living members , have remained almost unchanged for tens of thousands of years . When researching dinosaurs , scientists looked towards the humble turkey to an idea of how the dinosaurs may have reared their young . Which is to ? they don ? t . 14 The word Lavender can to a plant , a colour or an oil . In fact there is even a film called Lavender , but Lavender oil is the widest of the term . This is because it has antiseptic and anti - inflammatory . It can also be used as a natural mosquito . These extracts can also be used as fragrances for bath products . English lavender yields an essential oil with sweet overtones , and can be used in balms , salves , perfumes , cosmetics , and topical applications . Lavandin , also as Dutch lavender , yields a similar essential oil , but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor , which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance . The commercial use of lavandins , for which they are widely cultivated , arises from the fact that their flowers to be bigger than those of English lavender . The plants also tend to be easier to harvest , but lavandin oil is regarded by some to be of a lower quality than of English lavender . It is , , also true that its perfume is less sweet . 15 Mary Seacole was a daring adventurer of the 19th century . With a white father and a native mother , she was a Jamaican woman of race , and she was awarded the Order of Merit posthumously by the government of Jamaica and celebrated as a Black Briton in the United Kingdom . Seacole authored a book on her travels in Panama , where she ran a store for men going overland to the California Gold Rush . Her experiences in the Crimean War , where she ran a store and catering service for officers , invaluable . There she was known her compassion and dedication , for which she earned the nickname Mother Seacole . Mary Jane Grant was born in Kingston , Jamaica , sometime in 1805 , although she kept her actual date a secret . She gave the census an age twice , reporting herself five years younger than she actually was . Her year of birth is taken from her death certificate . Seacole died of a stroke on May 14 , 1881 , and was a rich woman at the of her death . Seacole left much of her money to her sister in Jamaic a 16 For students of any age , travelling to another country can be an eye . you are going abroad for a semester , or with your friends , it is important to prepare for your trip and track your spending . While researching places to visit and stay in other countries , it is easy for students to slip and overlook some issues before departure . One important thing to remember is to sure your bills are paid while you are travelling . It ? s a good idea to photocopy essential documents , including your credit cards and passport . Don ? t forget health insurance , some proof of which you will need to get before leaving . That ? s just in your wallet gets lost or stolen on your trip . One good thought is to get a prepaid debit card for traveling to far lands . In case , be sure to alert your credit - card issuer that you will be traveling to a foreign country . Otherwise , your card issuer might suspect fraud and hold your purchases . 17 There are blizzards and there are blizzards . But you can find real blizzards in Antarctica , which is the coldest continent on the planet . A blizzard is , in actual , a mix of falling snow and very strong winds . These winds pick up the fallen snow and blow it the ground . In Antarctica , blizzards can last for long periods of time , which visibility becomes almost impossible . So so that things only a short distance away can ? t be seen . At such times , scientists , who go there to do research , have to stay confined to their quarters . Any buildings built for this purpose , definition , need to be designed to give the maximum protection in these . 18 Hedgerows are rows of shrubs or trees planted as boundary . They are an integral of the English countryside . They resemble a patchwork of across the countryside . As a of fact , hedgerows share many qualities with a comfortable quilt . They offer warmth , protection and a place to nest for a wide of species : butterflies , bats , birds , hedgehogs , and dormice . In many , hedgerows have become essential to plant and animal species in England . They are lines of shrubs which were originally planted to mark ownership . They were also supposed to provide a barrier to prevent the movement of stock , particular , sheep and cattle . In the UK , many were planted as part of the Enclosures Acts in the early 19th century , some of which are believed to more than 800 years old . 19 The Battle of Verdun was the longest sustained conflict of World War I . The 300 days which the battle lasted cost more than 300 , 000 French and German lives in 1916 . It was also of the bloodiest of The Great War . The intense fighting and shelling near the tiny town of Verdun has permanently altered the region surrounding the Meuse River in northeastern France . The environmental destruction left by the battle gave to the creation of the Red Zone . The Red Zone is a 42 , 000 - acre territory that , nearly a century after the conflict , has no residents . Furthermore , it only allows limited . Before World War I , the landscape of Verdun bore resemblance to its present state . It was an agricultural landscape dotted small villages . Then the war came , and all of these villages were destroyed by these explosive munitions , and the area was abandoned . When the war ended in 1918 , the French government chose a programme of forced relocation rather than cleaning up the area . 20 If a picture is a thousand words , a map may equate to a million . Maps , infographics , and photographs blur the between information and art , at once documenting the state of the world in which information is presented in a visually dynamic way . Unlike photographs , however , no map can to be a direct portrait of reality . Every map , no how simple it appears , is shaped by the viewpoint and the choices of the person who made it . On of that , every person who reads a map will interpret it differently than the next . Our interpretations of maps are influenced just as by our perceptions and personal experiences as by what ? s actually on the page . For this , understanding subjectivity has become an important part of both geography and cartography . The long history of cartography has led people to trust maps as a of information about the world . 21 Sarah Parcak , a 2012 Emerging Explorer , is not your average archaeologist . By using satellite imagery she came Egyptian sites , such as tombs , temples , entire urban areas , which have been lost through the passage of time . Sarah has been involved in archeology for many , many years , which time she has been in love with ancient Egypt . Although she cannot recall what exactly drew her , she does remember one precise experience . It was not a personal interest in Egyptology that drew her to the world of maps , satellites , and long - lost ruins . Sarah ? s grandfather , a professor of forestry at the University of Maine , was a pioneer in tools to map forested areas . After spending weekends with her grandfather examining overlapped aerial photographs through a stereoscope , she decided to take remote sensing by going to college . Sarah suggests that students who are interested in archeology take tons of science classes , like geology , chemistry , physics , biology , remote sensing . Taking tons of science classes will give them an edge in of getting into graduate school . 22 The flow of the river is almost completely cut by farmland . There is also a road and a disused railway line , which runs a tunnel for much of its course . Once inside the park , , things are different . There the river flows free for the final half - mile before joining one . Here , it has carved a narrow valley , covered in plant life , and surrounded by wild rose bushes . In places , it ? s an almost impenetrable habitat , whose value to wildlife is out of proportion to its size . These plants thrive in the wetter places , while the ancient trees stand guard on higher ground . Today the area has the air of a dead forest , with leafless branches reaching out the trees in some disaster film . But that was not how was a few months ago . Then , the warmth of the summer sun gently caressed the abundant leaves these trees proudly displayed . And then , of course , night follows day , those same leaves fell , to remind us of the unstoppable march of the seasons . 23 When it to violent nationalism , the Welsh are not in the same league as the Basques or the Northern Irish , but they can be bad . The Welsh do have a distinct nationality , with a language and literature of their own . Indeed , they have their own cultural festival , with music and singing , an Eisteddfod , which dates back to 1176 . The Eisteddfod forms part of the Gorsedd , or assembly , founded many centuries before the Christian era . At the Eisteddfod , the poets , or bards , wear long white , flowing robes , and themselves very seriously . Like Brittany , Wales is rather isolated . It is a mountainous lump England and the Irish Sea . Because it is isolated , and because it contains little stealing , the place has been left to its own devices , so that half a million people speak the ancient Welsh language . However , the proportion of the population who speak Welsh has fallen 1960 from about 30 percent to about 20 percent . 24 Stress is often called a 21st - century illness but it has always been with us , perhaps with different names . These days we regard stress a necessary evil of modern living . Yet stress is not negative , and without we would not enjoy some of the high points in life as the anticipation before a date or the tension leading up to an important match . All these situations produce stress , but you can control it and not the other way around , you will feel stimulated , not worn out . However , unlike these situations , are generally positive and easier to deal with , sitting in a train that is running late , or stuck in a traffic jam or working to a tight deadline are much harder to manage and control , and can be a significant cause of stress . Stress is now recognized as a medical problem and as a significant factor causing coronary heart disease , high blood pressure , and a high cholesterol count . Patients are often unwilling to admit to stress problems since they feel they are a form of social failure , and it is important that symptoms identified in order to avoid unnecessary suffering . 25 Solar energy is derived ultimately from the sun . It can be divided direct and indirect categories . Most energy sources on Earth are forms of indirect solar energy , we usually don ? t think of them in that way . Coal , oil , and natural gas derived from ancient biological material took its energy from the sun millions of years ago . the energy in wood and foodstuffs also comes the sun . Movement of the wind , and the evaporation of water to form rainfall which accumulates in rivers and lakes , are also powered by the sun . , hydroelectric power and wind and wave power are forms of indirect solar energy . Direct solar energy is we usually mean when we speak of solar power ? is the use of sunlight for heating or generating electricity . Solar energy research and applications have been receiving increasing attention throughout the world as solar energy must play a much greater role in the energy mix in upcoming years . 26 Smoking is one of the most common and deadliest habits in the world . You have probably seen thousands of cigarettes smoked in your lifetime , perhaps not by your family . Even though fewer people smoke today than in the past , one every four adults still smokes , and there are parts of the world where smoking is increasing . Most people who become regular smokers started when they were young . This is the time to get the facts straight : smoking does no one good , and it does a great of harm to your health . It also often means giving up a lot later in life , such as the chance to excel in sports , extra spending money , and even years of one ? s life . There is a lot to lose . Most smokers have a hard time explaining why they started ? and why they continue . They know it is harmful , and many even know someone who has died from a smoking - related illness , like lung cancer or heart disease . But the same time , these smokers continue lighting up when they go out for a drink , take a break from work , or hear alarming news . Some smokers even light up when they learn about the dangers of smoking because they become worried . the reason people start smoking , the habit soon loses attraction . Even from the obvious health risks , smoking is an ugly , unpleasant habit . Most people would prefer to avoid a room that someone was filling with smelly smok e 27 Although there are many strains of antibiotic bacteria now present in hospital wards , antibiotics have effectively served original purpose over the course of the past eighty years . They have been able to treat the infections of countless individuals and saved millions of lives . Antibiotics have changed the way in many common diseases are viewed . infected with bacterial pneumonia , for instance , is no longer considered fatal . Rather , it is viewed as a mundane infection which can be cured a simple course of antibiotics . The number of antibiotics available for use has also affected their impact society . Even if one antibiotic is ineffective at treating a disease , there are , for most common infections , a host of drugs that can be used to effectively cure the disease . The development of antibiotics over the past eighty years has changed the relationship between humans and disease . Antibiotics have given humans the power to fight back effectively microorganisms in a way that have been considered impossible just a century ago . 28 The technique of telling a story through a sequence of pictures , though associated with modern cartoons , was fact in use about 500 years ago . Some wonderful examples of these early cartoons can now be seen at an exhibition in London , all of which were produced to order for wealthy clients . makes this art form so interesting is that it flourished in one small part of Europe ? Flanders , today a region of northern Belgium ? only to die out as printing was developed . Many of the tiny pictures were / larger than a postage stamp . They were painted by hand in books about size of a modern paperback . The artists , whose skills were rewarded by high salaries , worked slowly , and the buyers sometimes had to wait years for the work to be completed . In the of one four - volume example , the buyer waited for more than a decade . the majority of these cartoons depict religious stories , other subjects are illustrated , too . Episodes from history were popular , were fairy tales . And yet the artists had a visual style that seems oddly modern . They made full use of perspective and techniques familiar to us today from films , such as following a long shot a dramatic close - up . 29 These days commercial airliners are becoming larger , makes flying cheaper but in many ways more impersonal . Perhaps as a response to this , a more old - fashioned way of taking to the air is gaining popularity in Britain . number of companies today offer charter flights in small aircraft . You hire the plane and pilot , just as you might hire a chauffeur - driven car , and they are yours for the day . If you are flying on a short trip Britain to the continent , a light plane can get you there almost as quickly as a jet airliner . In fact , the whole journey takes far time , since you don ? t need to be at the airport hours in advance . And if you share the cost with friends , it can be cheaper than a scheduled flight . The atmosphere board is relaxed and friendly , with formalities at passport control and customs , if not entirely eliminated , at least kept a minimum . Instead of walking for what seems like miles through a vast airport terminal , it ? s time to take off , you simply stroll over and ease yourself into the plane . Even the flight itself is more fun , as as the weather is fine . And if you want to descend and take a closer look at something on the ground , just ask the pilot ; you ? re the boss ! 30 A recent proposal to limit the speed cars can reach is proving controversial . The idea , put by the Institute for Road Safety , involves fitting vehicles with a communications box containing a digital map of the road network . While a car is in motion , the communications box ? which knows fast the vehicle is legally permitted to travel on a particular section of road ? automatically regulates the car ? s speed . It , therefore , becomes impossible for a vehicle fitted with a device to exceed the speed limit . There are plans to charge motorists to drive into the centre of major cities , and a communications box could be used to identify vehicles that enter this zone . At present , / time a vehicle does so , its number plate is photographed . Then the number is compared against a list of authorised vehicles , but this system is costly and from foolproof . The system could be put in place quickly if the government wished as part the technology that has already been developed for another purpose . Electronic vehicle identification is unpopular with some people , who regard it as an infringement of their rights . would certainly object to the plan to restrict the speed of their cars , which may make the government hesitate to go through with it . But by forcing drivers to slow , the scheme would save lives , and this is likely to be popular with the general public . 31 There are no easy ways to improve your climbing performance . It will always require sweat and determination . To believe is folly . But by losing the ancient dogmas and applying sport science your efforts , the rewards will come faster and with effort . Whether you prefer to focus one aspect of the climbing spectrum or tackle them all , you can only succeed with a solid foundation of fitness . the luck of the genetic draw can carry you only so far : a less gifted climber who trains smarter will blow you . Don ? t underestimate the value of training , . A University of Mexico study of twenty - four male and twenty female climbers evaluated a wide range of variables that can affect performance on sport routes . Nobody consciously out to train " dumb " . Ask most climbers and they will vehemently deny their training efforts have been a waste of time ? and in the next breath admit they could be doing more . 32 It is a trend which started in the United States and is rapidly spreading to the rest of the developed world . Many towns and cities do not really have a centre more . Instead , a shopping mall somewhere on the outskirts serves some of the functions of an urban centre . Here , shops and banks are all crowded together , is very convenient , especially for those people who use a car . You can park in the basement car park , all your shopping inside the mall , and then load up the car and drive home . You don ? t even have to go outside , so it doesn ? t matter what the weather ? s . So why should anyone possibly object to the growing number of shopping malls springing up around our cities ? fact , many people do object , not only urban planners and politicians , but environmentalists as well . One of the main reasons is that most shops are concentrated in malls , it leaves city and town centres deserted and without any life of their own . Furthermore , malls do not take into people without cars , who simply can ? t get to them easily . Ultimately , perhaps , the most damaging criticism is that malls are virtually identical . As a result , our towns and cities are losing character , which has been created over centuries . 33 SAH ? RA is an Arabic word means dun or mouse - coloured . For the Arabs , it signified originally a flat , barren expanse of grey - brown earth . This is the meaning it has in pre - Islamic Arab literature . Sah ? ra is the colour of death . El Yakubi , a geographer of the ninth century , uses the word Sah ? ra as synonymous with cemetery . But in the same century it appears in a work entitled " The Conquest of North Africa " by an Egyptian Ibn el Hakam , probably for the first time , to designate a part of the North African desert . To the European , the oases are part of the Sahara , like emeralds set dull bronze . To the casual visitor , in fact , the oases are undoubtedly the highlights of his experience of the desert . But who inhabit the desert , and particularly the nomads , who associate the Sahara the grey pallor of death . they speak of it , they are not thinking of the palm groves , the wells , and the oases as living islands in an ocean of barren sand and rubble . 34 Foreigners are often surprised that there are no advertisements at all on the BBC television channels . The absence of commercials , as television advertisements are known , is to the fact that the constitution of the BBC forbids it to accept advertising . So how does the BBC get the money it needs to it going ? In fact , the BBC is financed from revenue which is raised by the sale of television licences . The fee for the licences is set by the government , but this , the BBC is not state - run , and it is proud of its independence . It be said that the viewers themselves pay for the BBC , since everyone who owns a television has to purchase a licence . And of course , you have to have a valid licence whether you actually watch the BBC not . This arrangement dates back to the 1920s when the BBC was a radio broadcaster . Some people feel the system is unfair those who watch other channels but not the BBC , and there are those who fail to buy a licence , which is against the law . an effort to combat this , the BBC has a fleet of detector vans that tour the country , checking if television is being used from an address when there is record of a licence having been purchased . 35 Many people who are building their own homes or renovating existing buildings have discovered that it makes more sense to buy second - hand goods to buy new doors , fireplaces or radiators . These days a large number of businesses offer second - hand material , though many of cater exclusively for professional builders . However , there are outlets that sell to members of the public , so someone who wants to indulge in a spot of DIY will probably be able to find reclamation material , second - hand building supplies are known , anywhere in the country . Searching for what one wants can be time - consuming , so bother ? Is there , for example , any financial reason to make it worth one ? s while ? The answer , in many cases , is yes . An oak door in good condition will be considerably expensive than a new one , even if it is only a few years old . However , the majority of clients of reclamation yards are on lookout for items that simply can ? t be found these days , such as stone fireplaces several centuries old . Items like this , of course , be expensive , but there are a lot of people who do not mind paying a high price for a second - hand fireplace that is , their view , better than new . 36 A recent study has suggested an answer to a question that has occupied philosophers for centuries : Do people need words in order to think ? A tribe living in the Amazon basin could provide the answer . The Pirahã tribe be small ? there are only about 200 members all told ? but they exhibit a fascinating cultural peculiarity . These people have no words for numbers , from ? one ? , ? two ? and ? many ? . What is more , their words for ? one ? and ? two ? are very similar . As as anyone can tell , this tribe has never had any sort of vocabulary for numbers , but appear to survive quite well without it . It was soon realised that these people might supply an insight into the way our minds work . Studies have shown that adult members of the tribe are no at counting than a baby is at speaking . When they were shown a row of objects and asked duplicate the number they saw , they could not get beyond two or three before starting to make mistakes . This applies even to adults who appear reasonably intelligent in every other way . So it looks though the Pirahã are not very good at counting simply because they do not have a vocabulary for numbers . This would suggest that human beings in general cannot think if they have no words to do . 37 In one of the most spectacular settings on earth , the great Inca ruler Pachacuti built a royal retreat and sacred center that is known Machu Picchu . Commenced in the middle of the fifteenth century , it was used by Pachacuti and his panaca ( royal corporate family group ) , continued to improve the site until the empire was destroyed by the conquering Spaniards in the 1530s . there is evidence that the Spaniards were aware a place called Piccho , there is record that they ever visited this site . Certainly , the sacred rocks , defaced by Spaniards in locations , remained intact here . Centuries of jungle growth enveloped the great granite structures and temples , the castle in " Sleeping Beauty , " for than three hundred fifty years . Then , in 1911 , a young American explorer named Hiram Bingham led an expedition into the Urubamba Valley , looking for a " lost city of Incas . " 38 Planners everywhere rely models ; conservation planning is no exception . It is also no easy task ? especially planning for conservation on large landscapes . Just making a list the ingredients one might want to include in a model can be exhausting . For a start , one will almost certainly need to model the population dynamics , perhaps even the meta - population dynamics , of one more species . Their habitat preferences will be important , so they must be modelled , and this turn creates a need for vegetation and landscape modelling . Events may an important role in the landscape dynamics , so the model might need include flood , drought , wildfire , harvesting , high winds and hurricanes . The model will likely be used by multiple stakeholders with conflicting objectives , so their concerns must be addressed . 39 Antarctica is becoming a popular tourist destination and in the last decade , there has been a dramatic increase in visitors to the area . tourists simply want to see the last unspoiled continent , but others have more active pursuits such as adventure sports in mind . And of course , there are also those adventurous souls who want to follow the footsteps of the great polar explorers . However , environmentalists are concerned that the booming tourist industry may endangering the Antarctic environment and sowing the seeds of its own destruction . One of the problems facing the area is pollution resulting from tourism . Careless visitors throw rubbish into the sea , not realising harmful this can be to wildlife . Another danger is oil spills . In the freezing waters , oil does disperse effectively . Consequently , oil from even a small spill may remain a hazard to wildlife for many years . And this is a very real danger : some of the cruise ships visiting Antarctica have not been reinforced to into account the dangers . A collision with an iceberg could cause a disaster of major proportions . This is no means a far - fetched notion . From time to time , icebergs do appear in these waters , and global warming means that massive chunks of ice are breaking the continental ice sheet more and more frequently . If a ship collided with one of these , it could spell disaster for tourism . 40 Amber jewellery has always been much sought after and , through trade , amber pieces often ended in areas distant from their source . The discovery of amber thought to come from the Baltic but found in caches , excavations , and burial grounds throughout Europe and North Africa has led to the reconstruction of the ancient amber trade routes . These routes , the details of are still somewhat controversial , varied depending upon the amber source and the period , but were active during the Greek and Roman periods . distant trade accounts for the finding of Baltic amber beads in Etruscan tombs as well as in excavations in Mycenae , Egypt , and Rome . Amber was also demand by the Arabic and Oriental cultures , and worn Baltic amber beads appear today in necklaces from Morocco , Iran , and Tibet . The lore and study of amber have always been an integral of the Baltic cultures , and from time immemorial the present , amber has been collected from the shores of the Baltic Sea . 41 The history of the Spanish language is a part of the history of Spain and Spanish America . The events that make up the history of Iberian Peninsula ? settlements , invasions , wars , and political upheaval ? shaped the history of the Spanish language . The Roman invasion is fundamental in this respect , other events have also been decisive , such as the Muslim invasion and the subsequent Reconquest of the Peninsula , the discovery of America , the Renaissance , and the Enlightenment . All of these events are reflected the Spanish language : the Roman invasion , the language of Iberia might still be Iberian , or Visigothic or Arabic . Without the Muslim invasion and the Reconquest , it is doubtful that Modern Spanish would be based the Castilian variety or dialect . Had there been no Renaissance or Enlightenment , the vocabulary of Spanish might lack its rich strata of Latinisms and Hellenisms ? i . e . , learned borrowings from Latin and Greek . 42 Chess is one of the world ? s oldest games of war . It is generally said to developed in India at some period before 500 AD . The original pieces , much less mobile than their modern counterparts , represented units of the ancient Indian army ? foot - soldiers , cavalry , armed chariots , and , of course , elephants . The fighting troops led on the chessboard , as in real life , by the king and his senior minister , the vizier , became the queen in the modern game . From India , it is said , chess spread through China , Persia , and Europe . Once the game reached the West , the identity and design of the individual chess pieces were modified to reflect the social milieu of medieval Europe . The king remained unchanged , but the elephant was replaced by the bishop , reflecting the power of the Church in medieval Europe . The biggest change was the emergence of the queen as the most powerful piece on the chessboard . the twentieth century , chess was often regarded as a game for the aristocracy of society , but today it exerts a much broader appeal . Among board games , chess has the ideal blend of strategy , tactics , and pure skill . The only games which compare subtlety , science , and depth are shogi and go . The competition aspect of chess makes it a battle between two individuals ? a battle bloodshed , but still a fierce struggle of mind , will , and physical endurance . More than anything else , though , chess has an ancient and distinguished history . The game provides a deep sense of continuity with the intellectual community of past ages , extending through hundreds of years and embracing nations . 43 More than just about any other city we know , Dublin wears its history its sleeve . Dubliners themselves are highly passionate scholars of their own history ? and we mean their own history . Perhaps it continues to have a strong bearing on modern life , it ? s near impossible for two Irish people to agree on the details of any one historical episode . However , they ? ll instantly unite against an outsider ? s version , and there are great contradictions Irish and English historical accounts of events that place here . Take Oliver Cromwell , for example . An Irish text would describe him an English parliamentarian raped , pillaged and plundered his way through Ireland ? a complete and utter bastard . If you picked up an English history book , on the other hand , you might learn that Cromwell defeated the Royalists in the English Civil War and apparently used to holiday in Ireland . 44 The earliest motor vehicle was built in 1769 by Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot . It was powered by steam and a top speed of about four kph . Many similar vehicles were then built , mainly use on farms . These steam wagons had a sturdy frame and heavy wooden wheels . This made them capable carrying heavy loads . By 1865 , in response to growing public fears that steam vehicles were travelling too fast , a speed limit was introduced . It was decided that three kph in towns and six kph in country areas was fast enough . As an additional safety precaution , a person waving a red flag had to walk in front of the vehicle . You think that the speed limit was very low , but you must remember that the roads were very poor and that many steam vehicles found difficult to stop quickly . In 1885 , Carl Benz built the Motorwagon , the first car to have a petrol engine . It was much lighter than the steam engine and travel at fifteen kph . This type of vehicle was considered less dangerous than the large , heavy steam wagons . In 1896 , the speed limit for petrol - driven cars was raised to 22 kph and in 1903 it reached 32 kph . In Detroit , in 1903 the Ford Motor Company was founded . By 1908 , Ford was mass - producing famous Model T cars on an assembly line . This meant that the time and cost of car - making was dramatically reduced and more people could afford to buy their own car . There are now 23 million cars in the United Kingdom , and the average person makes thirteen journeys a week , most of by road . 45 A cup of coffee , like any experience , can be enriched by selection and consciousness . " No beans about it , " the best coffee decisions the ones most pleasant to one ? s own palate ? the selection of one ? s coffee is a matter of personal preference . Choosing coffee beans can also be a perplexing experience , there is a huge range of coffee types and bean blends from all around the world . The final flavour and quality involve many complex factors , beginning with the coffee seed , the beans ? botanics , a wide variety of soil and climate conditions , cultivation altitudes , and the care in harvesting the beans . Raw green coffee beans are then subjected many influencing factors , including various processing , production , roasting , blending , and brewing methods . On a global note , many species and varieties of coffee trees from different areas of the world also offer their own distinctive flavours . There are more than forty - five coffee - exporting countries ? all of use different classification systems ? that supply the world with coffee beans , in sizes ranging over sixty known species of coffee plants . No wonder coffee can involve a puzzling java jargon ! Fortunately , the world ? s coffee nomenclature , from mountain to market , can be classified simple categories . This briefly outlines the basics of bean botanics , coffee cultivation and processing , and global classifications used by the coffee trade and coffee - producing countries . 46 Some of the most impressive structures in the world are bridges . Bridges have to be built to withstand a variety of forces . These forces come a combination of factors : the weight of the bridge , the weight of the traffic , and the strains exerted by the weather , such as wind , rain , and snow . Bridges are costly to build , and engineers go to a great of trouble to ensure that they are safe , yet use the minimum amount of material . To be able to do this , they must fully understand the properties of the materials they are going to use . materials , for example , are easy to bend . They are flexible . Flexible materials can be useful in bridge - building but need to be combined with stiffer materials to support large loads . Stiff materials are difficult to bend but tend to be brittle . Glass , for instance , is a stiff material but snap easily if you try to bend it . Stiff materials can be very hard to compress and are useful if used as supporting pillars in bridges . The property that is perhaps the most important in bridge - building materials is the strength to withstand large forces breaking . Steel is such a strong material , which is why it is often used . Concrete is a stiff material and , glass , tends to snap if bending forces are applied , but it is very strong when compressed . If concrete is used to support a bending force , then it must be reinforced with material . Steel is usually used as it is relatively cheap and is good supporting bending forces . 47 There are fifteen capital cities in the world in a position to be wiped out or seriously damaged by volcanic eruptions . So why then people continue to live in such dangerous areas ? Many of these people are poor and have choice , while others disregard the risk , which is , after all , rather than the risks involved in smoking or driving a car . What attracts people to volcanic areas is a fertile land . The soils from volcanic ashes are light , easily worked , drain well and are full plant nutrients . A light fall of ash , though it may destroy one year ? s crop , often pays the farmer in future years by the fertility it adds to the soil . Coffee in Colombia , vines in Italy and rice in Japan are a few of the crops that flourish on volcanic soils . In Italy , Japan , New Zealand , the United States and Iceland , the subterranean heat from volcanoes is used in geothermal power stations to generate electricity . In many places , the way in which the flows of lava concentrate minerals them attractive to mining companies . There is growing evidence that gold is among the minerals collected by volcanic flows , and the diamond - mining industry in South Africa takes advantage of the huge pressures within past volcanoes have produced diamonds . 48 The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1 , 500 years but in Australia for only 200 explains why we have a great wealth of regional dialects in England that is more or less totally lacking in Australia . It is often possible to tell where an English person comes from about 15 miles or less . In Australia , where there has not been enough time for changes to bring about regional variation , it is almost impossible to tell where someone comes from at all , although very small differences are now beginning to appear . It is unlikely , however , that there will be as much dialectal variation in Australia as there is in England . This is because modern transport and communication conditions are very different from what they were 1 , 500 or 100 years ago . Even though English is now spoken in many different parts of the world many thousands of miles apart , it is very unlikely that English will ever break up into number of different non - intelligible languages in the same way that Indo - European and Germanic did . German and Norwegian became different languages because the ancestors of the speakers of these two languages moved apart geographically and were no in touch and communicating with one another . In the modern world , barring unforeseen catastrophes , this will not happen , at in the near future . As long as Americans and British people , for instance , are in touch with one another and want to communicate with one another , it is most unlikely that their dialects will drift so far apart to become different languages . 49 In Britain , 98 per cent of households have at one television set and an average of 25 hours a week is spent in front of it . 30 per cent of homes now have video machines , and the number is rising rapidly . This average of 25 hours a week is a staggering amount of time taken of people ? s lives . What do they watch ? Mostly , it appears , game shows and soap operas , usually American origin . Game and quiz shows ? there is a difference between , games you stand up , quizzes you sit down ? are immensely popular . They began in the United States in 1955 with The 64 Thousand Dollar Question , which enabled contestants to win big money by answering complex questions . It became an overnight sensation , but three years later the bubble burst . Several contestants ? the that lost ? charged that popular quiz shows were rigged . The scandal shook the TV industry and forced the networks to kill off the shows . They were resurrected in 1961 . They are still booming . There are 21 game shows flourishing American networks , the biggest and latest being Chance of a Lifetime , in which contestants can win a million dollars . It is these big - money shows that draw the big audiences , and thus the advertising sponsors . For the networks , it ? s cheap . A programming manager for CBS says , " It costs around $100 , 000 to put a show , and efficient producers can shoot five programmes , or a week ? s worth of programmes , in one day . Afternoon soaps cost twice or three times as much to produce and you can only tape one half - hour segment a day . So it boils to economics . " 50 The word computer is a misleading name the ubiquitous machine that sits on our desks . If we go to the Victorian period , or even the World War II era , the word meant an occupation , defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as " one who computes ; a calculator , reckoner ; specifically a person employed to make calculations in an observatory , in surveying , etc . " In , although a modern computer can work with numbers , main use is for storing and manipulating information , is , for doing the kinds of jobs performed by a clerk ? defined in the Oxford English Dictionary " one employed in a subordinate position in a public or private office , shop , warehouse , etc . , to make written entries , accounts , make fair copies of documents , do the mechanical work of correspondence and similar ? clerkly ? work . " The electronic computer be said to combine the roles of the human - computer and the human clerk .

1

Both the varieties of football that originally hailed Britain , the Rugby and Association games , have probably been as popular as they are now . The association game , or soccer as it has become generally known , is now almost globally popular and judging by the last few World Cups , long a team from Asia , Africa or North America will go on to win the trophy . Rugby ? s progress has been dramatic but the game is becoming increasingly international and is surely destined to continue to expand .

Of course , periodically it is that both varieties of football will be afflicted problems stemming from a downturn in the world economy and difficulties generated by financial mismanagement . Collectively , however , their future appears bright . Peculiarly enough , this very little is known about the origins of modern football and many questions relating to growth and development remain unanswered . Football is a very old game , especially in Britai n

2

The Colosseum , is oval shaped , is a Roman amphitheatre in Rome , Italy . It ? s sometimes known the Flavian Amphitheatre because it was built during the Flavian dynasty . It is the largest amphitheatre in the world and is made of stone and concrete . The Colosseum was used as a games arena gladiator contests , and other events . Gladiator games were most popular the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD . The games declined the early 5th century . This was because Christianity became official religion of the Roman Empire . The Colosseum is a strong symbol of Imperial Rome , despite being damaged by earthquakes and stone - robbers .

3

I can always rely on grey squirrels to bring a smile to my . Come rain or , they never let me down . They come tumbling through the bare winter branches like a troop of circus acrobats , walking the tightrope of my washing line upon which they look as comfortable as trapeze artists . I have three regular garden visitors ? the dominant male , a wiry subordinate male , and a beautiful young female whose fluffy white ear - tufts remind me of a rabbit I once had . The males are nervy creatures , but the female is very confiding . Every morning she sits on the step just outside the back door and waits for a handout of nuts . These she usually eats them one by one . For the past fortnight her routine has been disturbed . Grey squirrels begin mating in mid - December , but the males already have eyes for her . The food I put out has continued to disappear . She , however , has been conspicuous by her absence .

4

Spanish cave drawings from more than 15 , 000 years ago show humans with animal skins or furs being around their feet . Shoes , in some form or , have been around for a very long time . The evolution of foot coverings , from the sandal to present - day athletic shoes , which are marvels of engineering , continues today , as we find new materials with which to cover our feet . But , has the shoe really changed that ? We are , in fact , still wearing sandals . These are the oldest crafted foot covering to us . Moccasins are still readily in the form of the loafer . In fact , many of the shoes we wear today can be traced back to era .

5

Did you know that modern pencils might it all to an ancient Roman writing instrument called a stylus ? Scribes used this thin metal rod to leave a light , but readable mark on papyrus , was an early form of paper . Other early styluses were made of lead , which is what we call pencil cores . This is despite the that they are actually made of non - toxic graphite . But pencil history doesn ? t stop . Graphite first into widespread use following the discovery of a large graphite deposit in Borrowdale , England in 1564 . Appreciated for leaving a darker mark than lead , the mineral proved soft and brittle that it required a holder . Originally , graphite sticks were wrapped in string . Later , hollowed - out wooden sticks , which the graphite was inserted , became the pencils we know toda y

6

The bicycle , which is often referred to a bike or cycle , is a human - powered , pedal - driven , single - track vehicle . It has two wheels attached to a frame , with of which is located behind the other . Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe , and as 2003 , more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide . This is twice as as the number of automobiles that have been produced . They are the principal of transportation in many regions of the world . Most notable of these are China and India , where they have also been adapted to carry passengers in the of rickshaws . They are also available as children ? s toys , tools for general fitness , as military and police transportation , and courier services . They are even produced for the of bicycle racing .

7

People shouldn ? t have to hungry . Not because of someone ? s hopeful wish , but because the world produces enough calories to go . Each day , farmers grow 2 , 800 calories per person on the planet , to the U . N . Food and Agriculture Organization . That ? s than enough to surpass the recommended intake of 2 , 100 daily calories per person . That is the amount needed to support a population of nine billion , which we are inching . So why do 805 million people still have too to eat ? To start with , it ? s important to understand the between hunger and undernourishment . Hunger is a physical condition marked stomach pangs and general fatigue . Undernourishment is a more chronic condition than hunge r

8

In 2010 , Professor Joseph Hupy was in South Vietnam taking in an attempt to map the site of the Battle of Khe Sanh . This was one of the infamous battles of the Vietnam War . Attempting to survey the land , Hupy found his body in land leeches and cut by elephant grass , a tall tropical plant with razor - sharp edges . This prompted him to for a different way of doing things . Hupy came with the idea of mapping the land from above , rather than from ground - level . He quickly came to the that using LIDAR , a remote sensing technology used to make high - resolution maps , was too expensive and probably impossible to use in rural Vietnam . What if he just used inexpensive , easily technology to get the information he needed ? He found that digital cameras , GPS receivers , and a basic unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) , which lots of information could be acquired , cost much less money .

9

Mountain Lake is adjacent to the West Coast ? s high - traffic Highway 1 , a busy golf course , and the Richmond neighborhood of San Francisco . These well to urban have contributed to degradation of the lake ? s water clarity . Additionally , the ecosystem ? s biological diversity has been affected by non - native plants and animals that have pushed indigenous species . Then there ? s the lake and a section of shoreline that to be ringed by non - native eucalyptus trees . The eucalyptus were taken out , which the lake got clearer . The removal of the eucalyptus trees was part of the first phase of restoration at Mountain Lake . The initial phase also included weeds being pulled and 14 , 000 native plants being planted . Along polluting the water , the highway runoff contributed to changing Mountain Lake ? s depth from 9 meters to just 3 meters . The lake has also shrunk from the size it had when the Anza expedition camped beside the body water in 1776 .

10

When you of a robot , what do you see ?

A machine that looks a bit like you and me ?

The reality is that robots can come in many shapes and sizes . They don ? t need to look like humans . In fact , most don ? t . What a robot looks like on its purpose . Flying robots might look like helicopters , or have wings like insects or birds . Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums . Robots that are meant to interact with people often have a face , eyes , or a mouth like we do ! they look like us or not , most robots have three essential ingredients that make them a robot : sensors , actuators , and programs . Together , these ingredients are make a robot different from other electronics and gadgets you might have around your house , like your computer , your washing machine , or your toaster . Helping at home , which other robots are being designed , is not as much of a priority as the exploration of space , or improving our efficiency at work . Whatever their purpose , each robot will need a carefully thought set of sensors , actuators , and programs .

11

The largest animal that has lived , blue whales , can grow to 100 feet long , which is longer than the length of a basketball court . They can weigh as as 200 tons , about the weight of 15 school buses . So , when a blue whale does an ordinary act that is necessary for its own survival , even just breathing or gliding the ocean , it can be an awe - inspiring event . A blue whale ? s call , which the animal uses to communicate with members of its pod and possibly to sonar - navigate the oceans , is unique . It is a cry from the sounds emitted by other marine organisms . They make very distinctive calls underwater , some of are the loudest sounds any animal makes . But the low - frequency sound is normally a human ? s hearing range . Just as impressive as its call is the noticeable mark a blue whale leaves as it sinks into the sea .

The phenomenon is called a flukeprint .

12

There are many photographs showing Liberian beekeepers holding curved comb from a top - bar hive , not the oblong combs of the frame hives generally used in the UK . Top - bar hives , which are traditional in Africa , allow bees to together their comb in the shape they wish . It also enables them to structure their nest in accordance their natural instincts . These hives are usually looked without constant intrusive inspections , chemical interventions and sugar feeding . British beekeepers , a significant minority whom have adopted these methods , find the system has value . They claim to keep bees in condition than conventional systems . Their experience is borne by the work of Cornell University ? s eminent Professor Thomas Seeley , among other scientists . Unfortunately , the British Beekeepers Association frowns their pioneering spirit . Furthermore , since they control most funding for training new beekeepers , they remain as little to the general public as organic growers were a few decades ago .

13

It ? s hard not to look at the brush turkey the avian poster child for Aussie grit . It is persisting and thriving , even though the odds are stacked it . They face environmental hardship and sometimes outright hostility , which is truly something behold . That ? s not to talk the likely victory of the majestic white ibis in this year ? s Bird of the Year poll . It , however , be said that this year there has also been a lot of talk about the Australian brush turkey . There has been a lot of love and loathing aimed at this incredible creature . It is indeed one of the most remarkable birds on the planet . The megapodes , which brush turkeys are the largest living members , have remained almost unchanged for tens of thousands of years . When researching dinosaurs , scientists looked towards the humble turkey to an idea of how the dinosaurs may have reared their young . Which is to ? they don ? t .

14

The word Lavender can to a plant , a colour or an oil . In fact there is even a film called Lavender , but Lavender oil is the widest of the term . This is because it has antiseptic and anti - inflammatory . It can also be used as a natural mosquito . These extracts can also be used as fragrances for bath products . English lavender yields an essential oil with sweet overtones , and can be used in balms , salves , perfumes , cosmetics , and topical applications . Lavandin , also as Dutch lavender , yields a similar essential oil , but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor , which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance .

The commercial use of lavandins , for which they are widely cultivated , arises from the fact that their flowers to be bigger than those of English lavender . The plants also tend to be easier to harvest , but lavandin oil is regarded by some to be of a lower quality than of English lavender . It is , , also true that its perfume is less sweet .

15

Mary Seacole was a daring adventurer of the 19th century . With a white father and a native mother , she was a Jamaican woman of race , and she was awarded the Order of Merit posthumously by the government of Jamaica and celebrated as a Black Briton in the United Kingdom . Seacole authored a book on her travels in Panama , where she ran a store for men going overland to the California Gold Rush . Her experiences in the Crimean War , where she ran a store and catering service for officers , invaluable . There she was known her compassion and dedication , for which she earned the nickname Mother Seacole .

Mary Jane Grant was born in Kingston , Jamaica , sometime in 1805 , although she kept her actual date a secret . She gave the census an age twice , reporting herself five years younger than she actually was . Her year of birth is taken from her death certificate . Seacole died of a stroke on May 14 , 1881 , and was a rich woman at the of her death . Seacole left much of her money to her sister in Jamaic a

16

For students of any age , travelling to another country can be an eye . you are going abroad for a semester , or with your friends , it is important to prepare for your trip and track your spending . While researching places to visit and stay in other countries , it is easy for students to slip and overlook some issues before departure . One important thing to remember is to sure your bills are paid while you are travelling .

It ? s a good idea to photocopy essential documents , including your credit cards and passport . Don ? t forget health insurance , some proof of which you will need to get before leaving . That ? s just in your wallet gets lost or stolen on your trip . One good thought is to get a prepaid debit card for traveling to far lands .

In case , be sure to alert your credit - card issuer that you will be traveling to a foreign country . Otherwise , your card issuer might suspect fraud and hold your purchases .

17

There are blizzards and there are blizzards . But you can find real blizzards in Antarctica , which is the coldest continent on the planet . A blizzard is , in actual , a mix of falling snow and very strong winds . These winds pick up the fallen snow and blow it the ground . In Antarctica , blizzards can last for long periods of time , which visibility becomes almost impossible .

So so that things only a short distance away can ? t be seen . At such times , scientists , who go there to do research , have to stay confined to their quarters . Any buildings built for this purpose , definition , need to be designed to give the maximum protection in these .

18

Hedgerows are rows of shrubs or trees planted as boundary . They are an integral of the English countryside . They resemble a patchwork of across the countryside . As a of fact , hedgerows share many qualities with a comfortable quilt . They offer warmth , protection and a place to nest for a wide of species : butterflies , bats , birds , hedgehogs , and dormice . In many , hedgerows have become essential to plant and animal species in England . They are lines of shrubs which were originally planted to mark ownership . They were also supposed to provide a barrier to prevent the movement of stock , particular , sheep and cattle . In the UK , many were planted as part of the Enclosures Acts in the early 19th century , some of which are believed to more than 800 years old .

19

The Battle of Verdun was the longest sustained conflict of World War I . The 300 days which the battle lasted cost more than 300 , 000 French and German lives in 1916 . It was also of the bloodiest of The Great War . The intense fighting and shelling near the tiny town of Verdun has permanently altered the region surrounding the Meuse River in northeastern France . The environmental destruction left by the battle gave to the creation of the Red Zone . The Red Zone is a 42 , 000 - acre territory that , nearly a century after the conflict , has no residents . Furthermore , it only allows limited .

Before World War I , the landscape of Verdun bore resemblance to its present state . It was an agricultural landscape dotted small villages . Then the war came , and all of these villages were destroyed by these explosive munitions , and the area was abandoned . When the war ended in 1918 , the French government chose a programme of forced relocation rather than cleaning up the area .

20

If a picture is a thousand words , a map may equate to a million . Maps , infographics , and photographs blur the between information and art , at once documenting the state of the world in which information is presented in a visually dynamic way . Unlike photographs , however , no map can to be a direct portrait of reality . Every map , no how simple it appears , is shaped by the viewpoint and the choices of the person who made it .

On of that , every person who reads a map will interpret it differently than the next . Our interpretations of maps are influenced just as by our perceptions and personal experiences as by what ? s actually on the page . For this , understanding subjectivity has become an important part of both geography and cartography . The long history of cartography has led people to trust maps as a of information about the world .

21

Sarah Parcak , a 2012 Emerging Explorer , is not your average archaeologist . By using satellite imagery she came Egyptian sites , such as tombs , temples , entire urban areas , which have been lost through the passage of time . Sarah has been involved in archeology for many , many years , which time she has been in love with ancient Egypt . Although she cannot recall what exactly drew her , she does remember one precise experience . It was not a personal interest in Egyptology that drew her to the world of maps , satellites , and long - lost ruins .

Sarah ? s grandfather , a professor of forestry at the University of Maine , was a pioneer in tools to map forested areas . After spending weekends with her grandfather examining overlapped aerial photographs through a stereoscope , she decided to take remote sensing by going to college . Sarah suggests that students who are interested in archeology take tons of science classes , like geology , chemistry , physics , biology , remote sensing . Taking tons of science classes will give them an edge in of getting into graduate school .

22

The flow of the river is almost completely cut by farmland . There is also a road and a disused railway line , which runs a tunnel for much of its course . Once inside the park , , things are different . There the river flows free for the final half - mile before joining one . Here , it has carved a narrow valley , covered in plant life , and surrounded by wild rose bushes .

In places , it ? s an almost impenetrable habitat , whose value to wildlife is out of proportion to its size . These plants thrive in the wetter places , while the ancient trees stand guard on higher ground . Today the area has the air of a dead forest , with leafless branches reaching out the trees in some disaster film . But that was not how was a few months ago . Then , the warmth of the summer sun gently caressed the abundant leaves these trees proudly displayed . And then , of course , night follows day , those same leaves fell , to remind us of the unstoppable march of the seasons .

23

When it to violent nationalism , the Welsh are not in the same league as the Basques or the Northern Irish , but they can be bad . The Welsh do have a distinct nationality , with a language and literature of their own . Indeed , they have their own cultural festival , with music and singing , an Eisteddfod , which dates back to 1176 . The Eisteddfod forms part of the Gorsedd , or assembly , founded many centuries before the Christian era . At the Eisteddfod , the poets , or bards , wear long white , flowing robes , and themselves very seriously .

Like Brittany , Wales is rather isolated . It is a mountainous lump England and the Irish Sea . Because it is isolated , and because it contains little stealing , the place has been left to its own devices , so that half a million people speak the ancient Welsh language . However , the proportion of the population who speak Welsh has fallen 1960 from about 30 percent to about 20 percent .

24

Stress is often called a 21st - century illness but it has always been with us , perhaps with different names . These days we regard stress a necessary evil of modern living . Yet stress is not negative , and without we would not enjoy some of the high points in life as the anticipation before a date or the tension leading up to an important match . All these situations produce stress , but you can control it and not the other way around , you will feel stimulated , not worn out .

However , unlike these situations , are generally positive and easier to deal with , sitting in a train that is running late , or stuck in a traffic jam or working to a tight deadline are much harder to manage and control , and can be a significant cause of stress .

Stress is now recognized as a medical problem and as a significant factor causing coronary heart disease , high blood pressure , and a high cholesterol count . Patients are often unwilling to admit to stress problems since they feel they are a form of social failure , and it is important that symptoms identified in order to avoid unnecessary suffering .

25

Solar energy is derived ultimately from the sun . It can be divided direct and indirect categories . Most energy sources on Earth are forms of indirect solar energy , we usually don ? t think of them in that way . Coal , oil , and natural gas derived from ancient biological material took its energy from the sun millions of years ago . the energy in wood and foodstuffs also comes the sun .

Movement of the wind , and the evaporation of water to form rainfall which accumulates in rivers and lakes , are also powered by the sun . , hydroelectric power and wind and wave power are forms of indirect solar energy . Direct solar energy is we usually mean when we speak of solar power ? is the use of sunlight for heating or generating electricity . Solar energy research and applications have been receiving increasing attention throughout the world as solar energy must play a much greater role in the energy mix in upcoming years .

26

Smoking is one of the most common and deadliest habits in the world . You have probably seen thousands of cigarettes smoked in your lifetime , perhaps not by your family . Even though fewer people smoke today than in the past , one every four adults still smokes , and there are parts of the world where smoking is increasing . Most people who become regular smokers started when they were young . This is the time to get the facts straight : smoking does no one good , and it does a great of harm to your health . It also often means giving up a lot later in life , such as the chance to excel in sports , extra spending money , and even years of one ? s life .

There is a lot to lose . Most smokers have a hard time explaining why they started ? and why they continue . They know it is harmful , and many even know someone who has died from a smoking - related illness , like lung cancer or heart disease . But the same time , these smokers continue lighting up when they go out for a drink , take a break from work , or hear alarming news . Some smokers even light up when they learn about the dangers of smoking because they become worried . the reason people start smoking , the habit soon loses attraction . Even from the obvious health risks , smoking is an ugly , unpleasant habit . Most people would prefer to avoid a room that someone was filling with smelly smok e

27

Although there are many strains of antibiotic bacteria now present in hospital wards , antibiotics have effectively served original purpose over the course of the past eighty years . They have been able to treat the infections of countless individuals and saved millions of lives .

Antibiotics have changed the way in many common diseases are viewed . infected with bacterial pneumonia , for instance , is no longer considered fatal . Rather , it is viewed as a mundane infection which can be cured a simple course of antibiotics . The number of antibiotics available for use has also affected their impact society . Even if one antibiotic is ineffective at treating a disease , there are , for most common infections , a host of drugs that can be used to effectively cure the disease .

The development of antibiotics over the past eighty years has changed the relationship between humans and disease . Antibiotics have given humans the power to fight back effectively microorganisms in a way that have been considered impossible just a century ago .

28

The technique of telling a story through a sequence of pictures , though associated with modern cartoons , was fact in use about 500 years ago . Some wonderful examples of these early cartoons can now be seen at an exhibition in London , all of which were produced to order for wealthy clients . makes this art form so interesting is that it flourished in one small part of Europe ? Flanders , today a region of northern Belgium ? only to die out as printing was developed .

Many of the tiny pictures were / larger than a postage stamp . They were painted by hand in books about size of a modern paperback . The artists , whose skills were rewarded by high salaries , worked slowly , and the buyers sometimes had to wait years for the work to be completed . In the of one four - volume example , the buyer waited for more than a decade .

the majority of these cartoons depict religious stories , other subjects are illustrated , too . Episodes from history were popular , were fairy tales . And yet the artists had a visual style that seems oddly modern . They made full use of perspective and techniques familiar to us today from films , such as following a long shot a dramatic close - up .

29

These days commercial airliners are becoming larger , makes flying cheaper but in many ways more impersonal . Perhaps as a response to this , a more old - fashioned way of taking to the air is gaining popularity in Britain . number of companies today offer charter flights in small aircraft . You hire the plane and pilot , just as you might hire a chauffeur - driven car , and they are yours for the day .

If you are flying on a short trip Britain to the continent , a light plane can get you there almost as quickly as a jet airliner . In fact , the whole journey takes far time , since you don ? t need to be at the airport hours in advance . And if you share the cost with friends , it can be cheaper than a scheduled flight .

The atmosphere board is relaxed and friendly , with formalities at passport control and customs , if not entirely eliminated , at least kept a minimum . Instead of walking for what seems like miles through a vast airport terminal , it ? s time to take off , you simply stroll over and ease yourself into the plane . Even the flight itself is more fun , as as the weather is fine . And if you want to descend and take a closer look at something on the ground , just ask the pilot ; you ? re the boss !

30

A recent proposal to limit the speed cars can reach is proving controversial . The idea , put by the Institute for Road Safety , involves fitting vehicles with a communications box containing a digital map of the road network . While a car is in motion , the communications box ? which knows fast the vehicle is legally permitted to travel on a particular section of road ? automatically regulates the car ? s speed . It , therefore , becomes impossible for a vehicle fitted with a device to exceed the speed limit .

There are plans to charge motorists to drive into the centre of major cities , and a communications box could be used to identify vehicles that enter this zone . At present , / time a vehicle does so , its number plate is photographed . Then the number is compared against a list of authorised vehicles , but this system is costly and from foolproof .

The system could be put in place quickly if the government wished as part the technology that has already been developed for another purpose . Electronic vehicle identification is unpopular with some people , who regard it as an infringement of their rights . would certainly object to the plan to restrict the speed of their cars , which may make the government hesitate to go through with it . But by forcing drivers to slow , the scheme would save lives , and this is likely to be popular with the general public .

31

There are no easy ways to improve your climbing performance . It will always require sweat and determination . To believe is folly . But by losing the ancient dogmas and applying sport science your efforts , the rewards will come faster and with effort . Whether you prefer to focus one aspect of the climbing spectrum or tackle them all , you can only succeed with a solid foundation of fitness .

the luck of the genetic draw can carry you only so far : a less gifted climber who trains smarter will blow you . Don ? t underestimate the value of training , . A University of Mexico study of twenty - four male and twenty female climbers evaluated a wide range of variables that can affect performance on sport routes . Nobody consciously out to train " dumb " . Ask most climbers and they will vehemently deny their training efforts have been a waste of time ? and in the next breath admit they could be doing more .

32

It is a trend which started in the United States and is rapidly spreading to the rest of the developed world . Many towns and cities do not really have a centre more . Instead , a shopping mall somewhere on the outskirts serves some of the functions of an urban centre . Here , shops and banks are all crowded together , is very convenient , especially for those people who use a car . You can park in the basement car park , all your shopping inside the mall , and then load up the car and drive home . You don ? t even have to go outside , so it doesn ? t matter what the weather ? s .

So why should anyone possibly object to the growing number of shopping malls springing up around our cities ? fact , many people do object , not only urban planners and politicians , but environmentalists as well . One of the main reasons is that most shops are concentrated in malls , it leaves city and town centres deserted and without any life of their own . Furthermore , malls do not take into people without cars , who simply can ? t get to them easily . Ultimately , perhaps , the most damaging criticism is that malls are virtually identical . As a result , our towns and cities are losing character , which has been created over centuries .

33

SAH ? RA is an Arabic word means dun or mouse - coloured . For the Arabs , it signified originally a flat , barren expanse of grey - brown earth . This is the meaning it has in pre - Islamic Arab literature . Sah ? ra is the colour of death . El Yakubi , a geographer of the ninth century , uses the word Sah ? ra as synonymous with cemetery . But in the same century it appears in a work entitled " The Conquest of North Africa " by an Egyptian Ibn el Hakam , probably for the first time , to designate a part of the North African desert .

To the European , the oases are part of the Sahara , like emeralds set dull bronze . To the casual visitor , in fact , the oases are undoubtedly the highlights of his experience of the desert . But who inhabit the desert , and particularly the nomads , who associate the Sahara the grey pallor of death . they speak of it , they are not thinking of the palm groves , the wells , and the oases as living islands in an ocean of barren sand and rubble .

34

Foreigners are often surprised that there are no advertisements at all on the BBC television channels . The absence of commercials , as television advertisements are known , is to the fact that the constitution of the BBC forbids it to accept advertising . So how does the BBC get the money it needs to it going ? In fact , the BBC is financed from revenue which is raised by the sale of television licences . The fee for the licences is set by the government , but this , the BBC is not state - run , and it is proud of its independence . It be said that the viewers themselves pay for the BBC , since everyone who owns a television has to purchase a licence . And of course , you have to have a valid licence whether you actually watch the BBC not .

This arrangement dates back to the 1920s when the BBC was a radio broadcaster . Some people feel the system is unfair those who watch other channels but not the BBC , and there are those who fail to buy a licence , which is against the law . an effort to combat this , the BBC has a fleet of detector vans that tour the country , checking if television is being used from an address when there is record of a licence having been purchased .

35

Many people who are building their own homes or renovating existing buildings have discovered that it makes more sense to buy second - hand goods to buy new doors , fireplaces or radiators . These days a large number of businesses offer second - hand material , though many of cater exclusively for professional builders . However , there are outlets that sell to members of the public , so someone who wants to indulge in a spot of DIY will probably be able to find reclamation material , second - hand building supplies are known , anywhere in the country .

Searching for what one wants can be time - consuming , so bother ? Is there , for example , any financial reason to make it worth one ? s while ? The answer , in many cases , is yes . An oak door in good condition will be considerably expensive than a new one , even if it is only a few years old . However , the majority of clients of reclamation yards are on lookout for items that simply can ? t be found these days , such as stone fireplaces several centuries old . Items like this , of course , be expensive , but there are a lot of people who do not mind paying a high price for a second - hand fireplace that is , their view , better than new .

36

A recent study has suggested an answer to a question that has occupied philosophers for centuries : Do people need words in order to think ? A tribe living in the Amazon basin could provide the answer . The Pirahã tribe be small ? there are only about 200 members all told ? but they exhibit a fascinating cultural peculiarity . These people have no words for numbers , from ? one ? , ? two ? and ? many ? . What is more , their words for ? one ? and ? two ? are very similar . As as anyone can tell , this tribe has never had any sort of vocabulary for numbers , but appear to survive quite well without it .

It was soon realised that these people might supply an insight into the way our minds work . Studies have shown that adult members of the tribe are no at counting than a baby is at speaking . When they were shown a row of objects and asked duplicate the number they saw , they could not get beyond two or three before starting to make mistakes . This applies even to adults who appear reasonably intelligent in every other way .

So it looks though the Pirahã are not very good at counting simply because they do not have a vocabulary for numbers . This would suggest that human beings in general cannot think if they have no words to do .

37

In one of the most spectacular settings on earth , the great Inca ruler Pachacuti built a royal retreat and sacred center that is known Machu Picchu . Commenced in the middle of the fifteenth century , it was used by Pachacuti and his panaca ( royal corporate family group ) , continued to improve the site until the empire was destroyed by the conquering Spaniards in the 1530s .

there is evidence that the Spaniards were aware a place called Piccho , there is record that they ever visited this site . Certainly , the sacred rocks , defaced by Spaniards in locations , remained intact here .

Centuries of jungle growth enveloped the great granite structures and temples , the castle in " Sleeping Beauty , " for than three hundred fifty years . Then , in 1911 , a young American explorer named Hiram Bingham led an expedition into the Urubamba Valley , looking for a " lost city of Incas . "

38

Planners everywhere rely models ; conservation planning is no exception . It is also no easy task ? especially planning for conservation on large landscapes . Just making a list the ingredients one might want to include in a model can be exhausting . For a start , one will almost certainly need to model the population dynamics , perhaps even the meta - population dynamics , of one more species . Their habitat preferences will be important , so they must be modelled , and this turn creates a need for vegetation and landscape modelling . Events may an important role in the landscape dynamics , so the model might need include flood , drought , wildfire , harvesting , high winds and hurricanes . The model will likely be used by multiple stakeholders with conflicting objectives , so their concerns must be addressed .

39

Antarctica is becoming a popular tourist destination and in the last decade , there has been a dramatic increase in visitors to the area . tourists simply want to see the last unspoiled continent , but others have more active pursuits such as adventure sports in mind . And of course , there are also those adventurous souls who want to follow the footsteps of the great polar explorers .

However , environmentalists are concerned that the booming tourist industry may endangering the Antarctic environment and sowing the seeds of its own destruction .

One of the problems facing the area is pollution resulting from tourism . Careless visitors throw rubbish into the sea , not realising harmful this can be to wildlife . Another danger is oil spills . In the freezing waters , oil does disperse effectively . Consequently , oil from even a small spill may remain a hazard to wildlife for many years .

And this is a very real danger : some of the cruise ships visiting Antarctica have not been reinforced to into account the dangers . A collision with an iceberg could cause a disaster of major proportions . This is no means a far - fetched notion . From time to time , icebergs do appear in these waters , and global warming means that massive chunks of ice are breaking the continental ice sheet more and more frequently . If a ship collided with one of these , it could spell disaster for tourism .

40

Amber jewellery has always been much sought after and , through trade , amber pieces often ended in areas distant from their source . The discovery of amber thought to come from the Baltic but found in caches , excavations , and burial grounds throughout Europe and North Africa has led to the reconstruction of the ancient amber trade routes . These routes , the details of are still somewhat controversial , varied depending upon the amber source and the period , but were active during the Greek and Roman periods .

distant trade accounts for the finding of Baltic amber beads in Etruscan tombs as well as in excavations in Mycenae , Egypt , and Rome . Amber was also demand by the Arabic and Oriental cultures , and worn Baltic amber beads appear today in necklaces from Morocco , Iran , and Tibet . The lore and study of amber have always been an integral of the Baltic cultures , and from time immemorial the present , amber has been collected from the shores of the Baltic Sea .

41

The history of the Spanish language is a part of the history of Spain and Spanish America . The events that make up the history of Iberian Peninsula ? settlements , invasions , wars , and political upheaval ? shaped the history of the Spanish language . The Roman invasion is fundamental in this respect , other events have also been decisive , such as the Muslim invasion and the subsequent Reconquest of the Peninsula , the discovery of America , the Renaissance , and the Enlightenment .

All of these events are reflected the Spanish language : the Roman invasion , the language of Iberia might still be Iberian , or Visigothic or Arabic . Without the Muslim invasion and the Reconquest , it is doubtful that Modern Spanish would be based the Castilian variety or dialect . Had there been no Renaissance or Enlightenment , the vocabulary of Spanish might lack its rich strata of Latinisms and Hellenisms ? i . e . , learned borrowings from Latin and Greek .

42

Chess is one of the world ? s oldest games of war . It is generally said to developed in India at some period before 500 AD . The original pieces , much less mobile than their modern counterparts , represented units of the ancient Indian army ? foot - soldiers , cavalry , armed chariots , and , of course , elephants . The fighting troops led on the chessboard , as in real life , by the king and his senior minister , the vizier , became the queen in the modern game . From India , it is said , chess spread through China , Persia , and Europe .

Once the game reached the West , the identity and design of the individual chess pieces were modified to reflect the social milieu of medieval Europe . The king remained unchanged , but the elephant was replaced by the bishop , reflecting the power of the Church in medieval Europe . The biggest change was the emergence of the queen as the most powerful piece on the chessboard .

the twentieth century , chess was often regarded as a game for the aristocracy of society , but today it exerts a much broader appeal . Among board games , chess has the ideal blend of strategy , tactics , and pure skill . The only games which compare subtlety , science , and depth are shogi and go . The competition aspect of chess makes it a battle between two individuals ? a battle bloodshed , but still a fierce struggle of mind , will , and physical endurance .

More than anything else , though , chess has an ancient and distinguished history . The game provides a deep sense of continuity with the intellectual community of past ages , extending through hundreds of years and embracing nations .

43

More than just about any other city we know , Dublin wears its history its sleeve . Dubliners themselves are highly passionate scholars of their own history ? and we mean their own history . Perhaps it continues to have a strong bearing on modern life , it ? s near impossible for two Irish people to agree on the details of any one historical episode .

However , they ? ll instantly unite against an outsider ? s version , and there are great contradictions Irish and English historical accounts of events that place here . Take Oliver Cromwell , for example . An Irish text would describe him an English parliamentarian raped , pillaged and plundered his way through Ireland ? a complete and utter bastard . If you picked up an English history book , on the other hand , you might learn that Cromwell defeated the Royalists in the English Civil War and apparently used to holiday in Ireland .

44

The earliest motor vehicle was built in 1769 by Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot . It was powered by steam and a top speed of about four kph . Many similar vehicles were then built , mainly use on farms . These steam wagons had a sturdy frame and heavy wooden wheels . This made them capable carrying heavy loads .

By 1865 , in response to growing public fears that steam vehicles were travelling too fast , a speed limit was introduced . It was decided that three kph in towns and six kph in country areas was fast enough . As an additional safety precaution , a person waving a red flag had to walk in front of the vehicle . You think that the speed limit was very low , but you must remember that the roads were very poor and that many steam vehicles found difficult to stop quickly .

In 1885 , Carl Benz built the Motorwagon , the first car to have a petrol engine . It was much lighter than the steam engine and travel at fifteen kph . This type of vehicle was considered less dangerous than the large , heavy steam wagons . In 1896 , the speed limit for petrol - driven cars was raised to 22 kph and in 1903 it reached 32 kph .

In Detroit , in 1903 the Ford Motor Company was founded . By 1908 , Ford was mass - producing famous Model T cars on an assembly line . This meant that the time and cost of car - making was dramatically reduced and more people could afford to buy their own car . There are now 23 million cars in the United Kingdom , and the average person makes thirteen journeys a week , most of by road .

45

A cup of coffee , like any experience , can be enriched by selection and consciousness . " No beans about it , " the best coffee decisions the ones most pleasant to one ? s own palate ? the selection of one ? s coffee is a matter of personal preference . Choosing coffee beans can also be a perplexing experience , there is a huge range of coffee types and bean blends from all around the world .

The final flavour and quality involve many complex factors , beginning with the coffee seed , the beans ? botanics , a wide variety of soil and climate conditions , cultivation altitudes , and the care in harvesting the beans . Raw green coffee beans are then subjected many influencing factors , including various processing , production , roasting , blending , and brewing methods . On a global note , many species and varieties of coffee trees from different areas of the world also offer their own distinctive flavours .

There are more than forty - five coffee - exporting countries ? all of use different classification systems ? that supply the world with coffee beans , in sizes ranging over sixty known species of coffee plants . No wonder coffee can involve a puzzling java jargon !

Fortunately , the world ? s coffee nomenclature , from mountain to market , can be classified simple categories . This briefly outlines the basics of bean botanics , coffee cultivation and processing , and global classifications used by the coffee trade and coffee - producing countries .

46

Some of the most impressive structures in the world are bridges . Bridges have to be built to withstand a variety of forces . These forces come a combination of factors : the weight of the bridge , the weight of the traffic , and the strains exerted by the weather , such as wind , rain , and snow . Bridges are costly to build , and engineers go to a great of trouble to ensure that they are safe , yet use the minimum amount of material . To be able to do this , they must fully understand the properties of the materials they are going to use .

materials , for example , are easy to bend . They are flexible . Flexible materials can be useful in bridge - building but need to be combined with stiffer materials to support large loads . Stiff materials are difficult to bend but tend to be brittle . Glass , for instance , is a stiff material but snap easily if you try to bend it . Stiff materials can be very hard to compress and are useful if used as supporting pillars in bridges .

The property that is perhaps the most important in bridge - building materials is the strength to withstand large forces breaking . Steel is such a strong material , which is why it is often used . Concrete is a stiff material and , glass , tends to snap if bending forces are applied , but it is very strong when compressed . If concrete is used to support a bending force , then it must be reinforced with material . Steel is usually used as it is relatively cheap and is good supporting bending forces .

47

There are fifteen capital cities in the world in a position to be wiped out or seriously damaged by volcanic eruptions . So why then people continue to live in such dangerous areas ? Many of these people are poor and have choice , while others disregard the risk , which is , after all , rather than the risks involved in smoking or driving a car . What attracts people to volcanic areas is a fertile land .

The soils from volcanic ashes are light , easily worked , drain well and are full plant nutrients . A light fall of ash , though it may destroy one year ? s crop , often pays the farmer in future years by the fertility it adds to the soil . Coffee in Colombia , vines in Italy and rice in Japan are a few of the crops that flourish on volcanic soils .

In Italy , Japan , New Zealand , the United States and Iceland , the subterranean heat from volcanoes is used in geothermal power stations to generate electricity . In many places , the way in which the flows of lava concentrate minerals them attractive to mining companies . There is growing evidence that gold is among the minerals collected by volcanic flows , and the diamond - mining industry in South Africa takes advantage of the huge pressures within past volcanoes have produced diamonds .

48

The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1 , 500 years but in Australia for only 200 explains why we have a great wealth of regional dialects in England that is more or less totally lacking in Australia . It is often possible to tell where an English person comes from about 15 miles or less . In Australia , where there has not been enough time for changes to bring about regional variation , it is almost impossible to tell where someone comes from at all , although very small differences are now beginning to appear .

It is unlikely , however , that there will be as much dialectal variation in Australia as there is in England . This is because modern transport and communication conditions are very different from what they were 1 , 500 or 100 years ago . Even though English is now spoken in many different parts of the world many thousands of miles apart , it is very unlikely that English will ever break up into number of different non - intelligible languages in the same way that Indo - European and Germanic did . German and Norwegian became different languages because the ancestors of the speakers of these two languages moved apart geographically and were no in touch and communicating with one another .

In the modern world , barring unforeseen catastrophes , this will not happen , at in the near future . As long as Americans and British people , for instance , are in touch with one another and want to communicate with one another , it is most unlikely that their dialects will drift so far apart to become different languages .

49

In Britain , 98 per cent of households have at one television set and an average of 25 hours a week is spent in front of it . 30 per cent of homes now have video machines , and the number is rising rapidly . This average of 25 hours a week is a staggering amount of time taken of people ? s lives . What do they watch ? Mostly , it appears , game shows and soap operas , usually American origin .

Game and quiz shows ? there is a difference between , games you stand up , quizzes you sit down ? are immensely popular . They began in the United States in 1955 with The 64 Thousand Dollar Question , which enabled contestants to win big money by answering complex questions . It became an overnight sensation , but three years later the bubble burst . Several contestants ? the that lost ? charged that popular quiz shows were rigged . The scandal shook the TV industry and forced the networks to kill off the shows . They were resurrected in 1961 . They are still booming .

There are 21 game shows flourishing American networks , the biggest and latest being Chance of a Lifetime , in which contestants can win a million dollars . It is these big - money shows that draw the big audiences , and thus the advertising sponsors . For the networks , it ? s cheap . A programming manager for CBS says , " It costs around $100 , 000 to put a show , and efficient producers can shoot five programmes , or a week ? s worth of programmes , in one day . Afternoon soaps cost twice or three times as much to produce and you can only tape one half - hour segment a day . So it boils to economics . "

50

The word computer is a misleading name the ubiquitous machine that sits on our desks . If we go to the Victorian period , or even the World War II era , the word meant an occupation , defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as " one who computes ; a calculator , reckoner ; specifically a person employed to make calculations in an observatory , in surveying , etc . "

In , although a modern computer can work with numbers , main use is for storing and manipulating information , is , for doing the kinds of jobs performed by a clerk ? defined in the Oxford English Dictionary " one employed in a subordinate position in a public or private office , shop , warehouse , etc . , to make written entries , accounts , make fair copies of documents , do the mechanical work of correspondence and similar ? clerkly ? work . " The electronic computer be said to combine the roles of the human - computer and the human clerk .

Vous pouvez intégrer le jeu dans un LMS compatible avec LTI 1.1 ou LTI 1.3 comme Canvas, Moodle ou Blackboard. Les scores seront ainsi automatiquement enregistrés dans le carnet de notes de la plateforme.

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