108.4 dipstick testsVersion en ligne dipstick test information par Caitlin 1 pH 2 Protein 3 Glucose 4 Ketones 5 Blood 6 Bilirubin 7 Urobilinogen 8 Nitrite 9 Leukocyte Esterase 10 Specific Gravity Methyl red + H+ --> bromothymol blue - H+ double indicator of m. red and b. blue; (change red-yellow in 4-6 pH) (yellow - blue in 6-9 pH) respiratory/metabolic acidosis/alkalosis defects in tubular secretion/reabsorption renal calculi etc pH >8.5 - unpreserved urine run-over from adjacent pads run-over from adjacent pads none correlates with other tests - Nitrite, LE, Microscopic Indicator (yellow) + protein -> (pH 3) pro. + H+ (indicator-H+ = blue-green) (tetrabromophenol) protein error of pH indicators albumin accepts H+ from indicator on pad (starts at 3 pH) moat indicative test for renal disease prerenal, renal, tubular disorders, postrenal ^ exposure of urine on strip ^ alkaline/buffered urine ^ pigmented urine/contaminated trace ^ SpGrav when proteins other than albumin are present Microalbuminuria (below threshold) SSA cold precip reacts equally w/all forms of protein correlates w/Blood, Nitrite, LE, Microscopic 1.glucose+O2=gluconic acid+H2O2 2.H2O2+chromogen=oxidized colored chromogen+H2O glucose oxidase double sequential enzyme reaction hyperglycemia associated renal associated bleach very dilute specimens large concentrations of Ascorbic acid ^ SG urine moderate levels of ketone bodies NaF preservative clinitest - also picks up other reducing substances acetoacetate(and acetone)+Na nitroprusside+(glycine)=purple color legal (rothera) test:color reaction w/Na nitroprusside + acetoacedic acid glycine -acetone picked up diabetic acidosis insulin dosage monitoring malabsorption cold exposure strenuous exercise vomiting presence of phthaleins ^ pigmented red urine levodopa meds containing free sulfhydryl groups improperly preserved urines Acetest correlates with glucose H2O2+chromogen=oxidized chromogen+H2O pseudoper... reacts Hgb+Mgb+chromogen tetrameth... Hgb+Mgb=uniform color Intact RBC=speckled pattern strip sen. to intact rbc, free Hgb, Mgb indicating trauma, hemolysis, transfusion reactions, etc strong oxidizing agents bacterial peroxidases menstrual contamination ^ SG/crenated cells formalin captopril ^ concentrations Nitrite Ascorbic acid (> 25mg/dL) unmixed ur none correlates w/ protein and microscopic bilirubin glucuronide+diazonium salt=azo dye diazo reaction forms azobilirubin hepatitis cirrhosis other liver disorders biliary obstruction (gallstones, carcinoma) substances that turn urine red Indole-bacterial overgrowth in gut/surg. constructed urinary bladders oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin presence of free bilirubin ascorbic acid ^nitrite concentration ictotest correlates w/urobilinogen UBilin+Ehrlich's reagent=red color (multistix) UBilin+diazonium salt=red azo dye (chemstrip) Ehrlich's reagent or diazo dye early detection of liver disease liver disorders, hepatitis, cirrhosis, carcinoma 9% hospitalized body temp urines pigmented urines Ehrlich reactive compounds (methyldopa) oxidation of urobilinogen to urobilin formalin (preservative) ^ levels of nitrite correlates with Bilirubin acid+NO2=diazo salt+tetrahydrobenzoquinolin=pink azo dye normal urine nitrite - Greiss reaction nitrite reacts w/acid=diazonium compound+tertra...=pinkazodye UTI follow antibiotic treatment improperly preserved specimens highly pigmented urine UTI other than Eterobac. not 1st morn. lack of dietary nitrate ^#of bacteria ascorbic acid high SC none correlates w/protein, LE, Microscopic acid ester+LE=aromatic compound+diazonium salt=purple azo dye doesn't measure #of WBC detects lysed WBCs bacterial/nonbacterial UTI inflammation of UTI screening test strong oxidizing agents such as bleach formalin (preservative) ^ proteins, glucose, ascorbic acid, etc Inaccurate timing of reading highSG ^pigmented urine none correlates w/protein, nitrite, Microscopic polyelec. on pad+ions in urine=(2H+) blue-green alkaline pH/(6H+) yellow-green acid pH Change in pKa of polyelectrolyte-release of H+in alkaline medium Bromothymol blue measures pH change monitoring patienthydration/dehydration loss of renal-tubularconcentratingability diabetes insipidus ^ concentration of protein slightly ^ due to protein anions ^ alkaline urines (> 6.5) refractometer - refractive index osmometer - measures changes in colligative properties by particle
Match the muscular system to its function/characteristics