Relier Pairs PsychVersion en ligne Psych 101 ALL NOTES (Besides 10/13/25 Notes) par Tia Acrey 1 ___ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. 2 Classical Conditioning involves? 3 ___ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. 4 Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. 5 Which of the following is TRUE of Stimulus Generalization? 6 _ is a type of learning which a neutral stimulus brings about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. 7 ___ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. 8 In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related? 9 Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule. 10 What is Stimulus Generalization? 11 The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: 12 Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as: 13 Operant Conditioning Involves? Reinforcement. The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization. Learning. Continuous. Observational Learning. A learning process where a new or untrained stimulus elicits the same response as a previously learned stimulus, due to their similarity Learning through consequences where behavior is modified based on its outcome. Positively or negatively. The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Classical Conditioning. Learning through association where a stimulus triggers an involuntary response. Neutral. Extinction. Operant conditioning. 1 What is the chemical that's used to communicate between neurons? 2 What is Longitudinal Studies? 3 In the 50's, what would Walter Freeman do? 4 What does the Axon do? 5 What does the Amygdala do? 6 Which Lobe of the brain focuses on incoming information? 7 In between the Left and Right Hemispheres is the ___? 8 The Right Hemisphere receives information from? 9 The Left Hemisphere receives information from? 10 What two Cortex' run the frontal lobe? 11 At the end of the Axon is a bunch of ___? 12 Which Lobe is involved in sensory information? 13 Which Lobe is involved in visual information? 14 What is Parkinson's disease is associated with? 15 Which Lobe focuses on outgoing information? 16 Which Lobe is involved in Audible information? 17 Agonist is __? 18 What does the Hippocampus do? 19 Which Lobe is involved in Motor information? 20 What is the Endocrine System? The Frontal Lobe focuses on executive functions, using sensory information to make decisions. The right side of the body. Temporal Lobe Low levels of Dopamine A drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter. Parietal Lobe Processes fear and emotions tied to memories. Occipital Lobe Corpus Callosum; one whole brain and all information received is processed as one whole. The right identifies objects; the left names objects. Frontal Lobe Chemicals stored into buttons which releases it into a gap between it and its next neuron. The gap is a Synapse; the chemical is Neurotransmitters. Form new memories (especially episodic and spatial memories), spatial navigation, learning, and connecting memories with emotions. The Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobes distributes the task of interpreting and making sense of different types of sensory input. A lobotomy tour, and would take out part of a lobe of the brain with an icepick and give his patients brain damage. The prefrontal lobe. Neurotransmitter Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex. Bringing people in again and again, taking a long time for research. The left side of the body. A series of glands that secrete hormones. Sends information from one cell to another cell. 1 What is An "Absolute Threshold"? 2 Albert Aimes created? 3 Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information? 4 What is the retina is made up of? 5 What is a "Difference Threshold"? 6 What is Episodic Memory? 7 Human eyes can only detect? 8 An "Illusory Correlation" is? 9 Perception is __? 10 Lightness constancy is __? 11 Organization involves __? 12 Selections refers to __? 13 What are the Main Optical Components? 14 When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on __; you are comparing the information in front of you with what's already stored in memory. 15 Interpretation involves __? 16 Color constancy is __? 17 What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? 18 A Bi-Stable Image is __? 19 What are the Main Neural Components? 20 What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? When you see or remember a correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity or bizarreness of the event. Neurons called rods and cones. The reason why blue jeans still look blue no matter where you go or what light it's under. The color remains constant to our eyes. Collecting the information into some patterns. Choosing which of many stimuli will be processed. 4 plus or minus 1 units of information An image that can be interpreted in one of/or two possible ways. The smallest amount of energy a person can detect reliably. (50 percent of the time) There's enough energy for you to actively/immediately detect it. Visible light. The Cornea, The Lens, and The Iris. Memory The difference in stimulation that a person can detect reliably. The act of rapidly changing enough to detect. What allows us to tell what's within dimly lit situations. The process of how the brain interprets sensation. Collecting information that involves understanding a pattern. Understanding the patterns. Information about events that we have personally/first-handedly experienced. Recognition Explicit Memories (Active Memories) The Illusionary Room. An optical illusion that distorts a room to make it appear rectangular. The Retina, Fovea, and Optic Nerve. 1 Hypnagogic Hallucinations ... 2 A biological rhythm is? 3 Stage four is? 4 Sleep rebound is when? 5 Hypnosis is? 6 Narcolepsy ... 7 Elaborative Rehearsal involves _____? 8 We usually cycle through how many stages of sleep? 9 What is the gap between neurons/neuro transmitters called? 10 Two main divisions of the nervous system are called? 11 Addictive drugs all cause? 12 Cataplexy ... 13 What is an example of a Mnemonic Device? 14 When we lose sleep ....? 15 Melatonin is? 16 How is an Explicit memory different from an Implicit memory? 17 Other states of consciousness include? 18 Sleep debt is a result of? 19 Stages one to two are light sleep and three to four are deep sleep. During stage three, our cells __? 20 Dopamine activity is associated with? Four, at least five times through a night. Are vivid, dream-like hallucinations. Learning, mood, and reaction time are negatively affected. Hypnosis. CNS - Central Nervous System & PNS - Peripheral Nervous System An extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience. Reward and craving, which results in it becoming extremely addicting. Reproduce the most to allow our bodies to repair itself. Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes. Explicit memories, we actively try to remember and recall. Implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness, are built in/automatic. Involves an irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours. Often triggers by states of heightened arousal or stress. Synapse A hormone found in the endocrine system. A sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep. The dream stage where our brains are most active, our eyes dart back and forth behind our closed lids as though we are awake. Dopamine through the path of natural rewards. An internal cycle of biological activity. Is a cardinal symptom of narcolepsy, the loss of voluntary muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory. 1 What lobe of the brain has motor cortex? 2 What does the Frontal Lobe process? 3 Homeostasis is __? 4 What lobe of the brain processes vision? 5 Hypothalamus is ___? Motor Control, Personality, and Social Behavior. Frontal Lobe A region in the brain that serves as a control center for the feelings of temperature, hunger, stress, thirst and sleep by maintaining homeostasis. The process of which the brain self-regulates to maintain stable internal conditions in order for necessary survival. Occipital Lobe 1 What Branch of psychology covers how we cope with stress? 2 Which one of the following describes insomnia? 3 Dependent Variable is ___? 4 The Electrical charge that sends information to another cell is called __? 5 Which one of the following describes narcolepsy? 6 Case study is ___? 7 What Branch studies conditioning? 8 The Central Nervous System is made up of ___? 9 Which of the following is the best definition of consciousness? 10 Ernestine is undergoing treatment because she gets depressed every winter and her mood improves each spring. She's most likely diagnosed with ___. 11 A class of drugs that typically produces visual hallucinations is called ___. 12 Independent Variable is ___? 13 The Amygdala process ___? 14 Which dream theorist referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious?" 15 Experiment is ___? 16 What does the Axon do? 17 The activation-synthesis theory proposes that ___. 18 A central idea in the description of hypnosis is the word ___. 19 During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream? 20 What effect do opiates have on the body? Psychedelics typically produce visual hallucinations. Fear. A research method that has one study. Opiates are drugs derived from the opium poppy; they relieve pain and produce euphoria. Suggestion. Critics say that not all dreams are as disjointed or as bizarre as the theory predicts. Sends information to another cell. The Effect. Health Psychology Behaviorism and Learning The Cause. Sigmund Freud is quoted to have referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious." The Brain and Spinal Cord. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep. Insomnia means having difficulty falling or staying asleep. Action Potential. Seasonal affective disorder is caused by a lack of daily sunshine. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. Consciousness is the awareness of oneself and the environment.. Cause and Effect The activation-synthesis theory proposes that the cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives. 1 What is Introspection? 2 What is Basic psychology? 3 What is a biological psychologist? 4 What is the DEFINITION of psychology? 5 What were Functionalists more interested in? 6 What is Applied psychology? 7 Who is commonly called the first psychologist? 8 Who invented Structuralism? 9 What is Phrenology? 10 Who is commonly associated with classical conditioning? 11 What is psychology? 12 What is Structuralism? 13 Who was the first AMERICAN psychologist? What was founded by him? 14 What is Functionalism? 15 Who invented psychotherapy? 16 What is introspection? 17 What was the first year that a research laboratory was founded for psychology? 18 What is Sociocultural perspective? 19 In the field of psychology, information is based on what? 20 What is Psychoanalysis? 1879 Understanding the structure & characteristics of the mind through introspection. The operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism. William James founded Functionalism Psych=Soul Ology=Scientific study of Psychology=Scientific study of the mind & behavior Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt Empirical evidence because it's based on rigorous research. A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior. The study of everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain. The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application. The study of how physical events interact with environmental events to produce memories, perceptions, and behavior. Sigmund Freud, though his methods were controversial How mental activities helped organize environmental reactions. A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy (originally formulated by Sigmund Freud) that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. The study of psychological issues that have DIRECT practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings. Greek for "study of the mind," is a pseudoscience relating bumps on the head to personality traits. The process of examining one's own conscious experience. (Thinking) Ivan Pavlov Sensation & Perception 1 Genotype vs. Phenotype? 2 What branch of psychology is interviewing employees? 3 What is an Experimental Group? 4 What is the Monster Test? 5 What is an "Illusory Correlation"? 6 Why have certain genetic diseases not died off if natural evolution is theorized to make us adaptable? 7 Inductive Reasoning 8 What is a hypothesis? 9 What branch studies language development? 10 What research method has one subject? 11 What are Sensory Neurons? 12 Deductive Reasoning 13 What is a Single-blind Study? 14 What is a "Correlation"? 15 What was the Marshmallow Experiment? 16 What branch studies therapy? 17 What is the Milgram Experiment? 18 Why is learning Human Genetics important for Psychology Research? 19 What is a Double-blind Study? 20 What quote did Charles Darwin have about human adaptability? The group that is given whatever the test requires. They put marshmallows in front of kids and told them not to eat it for 15mins. If they obeyed, they'd be rewarded with a second marshmallow. "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change." Negative conditioning. When told you are lesser, you will perform lesser. "When you're expected to fail, you're more likely to." Case Study Communicate every sense from our outer body to our inner sensors and motors so that they can react accordingly. Genotype refers to your specific genetic make up only. Whereas the Phenotype is whether or not we observe the characteristics. Results are predicted based on a general premise. An experiment which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group but participants do not. States of consciousness Human genetics would refer to nature rather than nurture. Studying human genetics helps with the basics of research. Industrial Organizational Psychology The study of relationships through obedience and authority. A lack of self choice and morality; more care of the command given. The predictions of how the world will behave if the theory is correct. Usually an "if ___ , then ___ ." statement. And is falsifiable. Human Development An experiment which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments. (Controls for participant & experimenter expectations) There can be carriers of only one copy of the gene, but non-effective to activate the disease. Which can also be caused environmentally. Conclusions are drawn from observations. When you see or remember a relationship/correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity of the event. A relationship between two or more variables that are connected or related to each other. They can be both positive and negative.
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