Microbiology chapter 6,7,8

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Microbiology chapter 6,7,8


Froggy Jumps Microbiology chapter 6,7,8Version en ligne Test your microbiology knowledge. par Carla 1 1. Which of the following microorganisms grows best in cold environments (\u226415\u00b0C)? a a) Mesophiles b c) Psychrophiles c b) Psychrotrophs 2 2. Which group of microbes causes most food spoilage in refrigerators? a d) Psychrotrophs b b) Psychrophiles c a) Thermophiles 3 3. Organisms that thrive at 50\u201360\u00b0C, such as in hot springs, are called: a b) Thermophiles b a) Mesophiles c c) Hyperthermophiles 4 4. Hyperthermophiles can grow at temperatures: a d) Above 80\u00b0C b a) Below 0\u00b0C c b) 20\u201340\u00b0C 5 5. Most bacteria grow best at a pH range of: a b) 5.0\u20136.0 b c) 6.5\u20137.5 c a) 3.0\u20134.0 6 6. Microorganisms that prefer acidic environments are called: a a) Halophiles b d) Alkaliphiles c b) Acidophiles 7 7. Which environment causes plasmolysis in bacterial cells? a a) Isotonic b c) Hypertonic c b) Hypotonic 8 8. Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth are called: a c) Acidophiles b a) Facultative halophiles c b) Extreme or obligate halophiles 9 9. Organisms that tolerate but do not require high salt concentrations are called: a a) Obligate halophiles b d) Osmophiles c b) Facultative halophiles 10 10. The structural backbone of all organic molecules is: a b) Nitrogen b a) Oxygen c c) Carbon 11 11. Nitrogen is required by microorganisms for synthesis of: a a) Lipids and starch b b) Proteins, DNA, and ATP c d) Cell wall peptidoglycan only 12 12. Which trace element is commonly used as an enzyme cofactor? a a) Gold b c) Zinc c b) Silver 13 13. Obligate aerobes: a c) Tolerate oxygen but do not use it b b) Require oxygen for growth c a) Cannot use oxygen and are harmed by it 14 14. Facultative anaerobes: a a) Require oxygen only b c) Cannot tolerate oxygen c b) Use oxygen but can also grow without it 15 15. Which group is harmed by oxygen? a b) Microaerophiles b c) Obligate anaerobes c a) Aerotolerant anaerobes 16 16. Aerotolerant anaerobes: a c) Require oxygen b b) Tolerate but cannot use oxygen c a) Cannot grow with oxygen present 17 17. Microaerophiles grow best in: a b) No oxygen b a) High oxygen levels c c) Oxygen levels lower than in air 18 18. What is plasmolysis? a c) Cell wall disintegration b b) Cell loses water in a hypertonic environment c a) Cell bursts from water intake 19 19. Biofilms protect bacteria by: a c) Sharing nutrients and increasing resistance b b) Reducing nutrient availability c a) Making them more sensitive to antibiotics 20 20. Agar melts at ____ and solidifies around ____. a a) 50\u00b0C; 25\u00b0C b c) 121\u00b0C; 25\u00b0C c b) 100\u00b0C; 40\u00b0C 21 21. Sepsis refers to: a c) Complete sterilization b a) Absence of contamination c b) Bacterial contamination 22 22. Sterilization is defined as: a b) Removing harmful microbes from surfaces b a) Inhibiting microbial growth c c) Removing and destroying all microbial life 23 23. Commercial sterilization targets: a b) Only fungi b a) All microbial life c c) Clostridium botulinum endospores 24 24. Disinfection is the destruction of harmful microbes on: a b) Non-living surfaces b c) Agar medium c a) Living tissue 25 25. Which method destroys harmful microorganisms on living tissue? a b) Disinfection b a) Sterilization c c) Antisepsis 26 26. Degerming refers to: a a) Killing all microbial life b b) Mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area c c) Lowering microbial counts on utensils 27 27. Sanitization means: a a) Lowering microbial counts to safe levels b b) Complete sterilization c c) Removal of endospores 28 28. Bacteriostasis means: a a) Killing bacteria b b) Inhibiting bacterial growth without killing c c) Removing endospores 29 29. Which factor does NOT affect microbial death rate? a b) Environment b d) Color of the bacteria c a) Number of microbes 30 30. Thermal death point (TDP) is: a a) Time required to kill 90% of cells b c) Time to kill all bacteria at a given temperature c b) Temperature at which all cells die in 10 min 31 31. Thermal death time (TDT) is: a a) Time to kill all bacteria at a particular temperature b c) Lowest temperature for growth c b) Time to kill 90% of bacteria 32 32. Decimal reduction time (DRT) is: a b) Minutes to kill 90% of a population b c) Temperature to kill spores c a) Time to kill 50% of a population 33 33. Autoclaving uses: a a) Dry heat b c) Steam under pressure (121\u00b0C at 15 psi for 15 min) c b) UV radiation 34 34. Pasteurization reduces: a c) Only viruses b a) All microbes including spores c b) Spoilage organisms and pathogens 35 35. Which physical method kills by oxidation? a a) Moist heat b b) Dry heat c c) Filtration 36 36. HEPA filters remove microbes larger than: a b) 3 \u00b5m b a) 10 \u00b5m c c) 0.3 \u00b5m 37 37. UV radiation kills microbes by: a b) Creating thymine dimers in DNA b a) Breaking peptide bonds c c) Destroying plasma membranes 38 38. Alcohols kill microbes by: a c) Breaking hydrogen bonds in DNA b b) Denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids c a) Inhibiting DNA replication 39 39. Which heavy metal was used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum? a a) Zinc chloride b c) Copper sulfate c b) Silver nitrate 40 40. Genetics is the study of: a c) Proteins only b a) Microbial growth c b) Genes and how they carry, express, and replicate information 41 41. The entire genetic information in a cell is called: a b) Chromosome b c) Genome c a) Genotype 42 42. Genotype refers to: a c) Protein structures b b) Genetic makeup of an organism c a) Visible traits 43 43. Phenotype refers to: a b) Entire genome b c) DNA structure c a) The expressed traits from genes 44 44. DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between: a c) A\u2013U and G\u2013C b b) A\u2013T and C\u2013G c a) A\u2013C and G\u2013T 45 45. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in which direction? a a) 3\u2032 \u2192 5\u2032 b c) Both directions c b) 5\u2032 \u2192 3\u2032 46 46. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to: a a) Operator b b) Promoter c c) Terminator 47 47. Translation begins at which codon? a b) AUG b a) UAG c c) UAA 48 48. Translation ends at which codons? a a) AUG b b) GUG c c) UAA, UAG, UGA 49 49. Exons are: a b) Coding DNA regions b a) Noncoding DNA regions c c) RNA primers 50 50. Introns are: a c) Enzyme cofactors b a) Coding DNA regions c b) Removed sequences during RNA processing 51 51. A set of operator, promoter, and structural genes is called: a a) Codon b c) Plasmid c b) Operon 52 52. The lac operon is an example of a(n): a a) Inducible operon b b) Repressible operon c c) Plasmid operon 53 53. The trp operon is an example of a(n): a c) Positive operon b a) Inducible operon c b) Repressible operon 54 54. cAMP accumulates when: a a) Oxygen is absent b b) Glucose is not available c c) Nitrogen is limited 55 55. A mutation that substitutes one base for another is called: a c) Silent mutation b b) Base substitution (point mutation) c a) Frameshift mutation 56 56. A missense mutation results in: a b) No change in protein b c) A different amino acid c a) A stop codon 57 57. A nonsense mutation results in: a a) A different amino acid b c) No mutation c b) A nonsense (stop) codon 58 58. A frameshift mutation is caused by: a c) Protein misfolding b a) Substitution of one base c b) Insertion or deletion of bases 59 59. Which radiation causes thymine dimers? a b) X-rays b c) UV radiation c a) Gamma rays 60 60. Photolyase repairs mutations by: a b) Separating thymine dimers b a) Breaking DNA backbone c c) Adding nucleotides

Microbiology chapter 6,7,8

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Microbiology chapter 6,7,8Version en ligne

par Carla

1. Which of the following microorganisms grows best in cold environments (\u226415\u00b0C)?

2. Which group of microbes causes most food spoilage in refrigerators?

3. Organisms that thrive at 50\u201360\u00b0C, such as in hot springs, are called:

4. Hyperthermophiles can grow at temperatures:

5. Most bacteria grow best at a pH range of:

6. Microorganisms that prefer acidic environments are called:

7. Which environment causes plasmolysis in bacterial cells?

8. Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth are called:

9. Organisms that tolerate but do not require high salt concentrations are called:

10. The structural backbone of all organic molecules is:

11. Nitrogen is required by microorganisms for synthesis of:

12. Which trace element is commonly used as an enzyme cofactor?

13. Obligate aerobes:

14. Facultative anaerobes:

15. Which group is harmed by oxygen?

16. Aerotolerant anaerobes:

17. Microaerophiles grow best in:

18. What is plasmolysis?

19. Biofilms protect bacteria by:

20. Agar melts at ____ and solidifies around ____.

21. Sepsis refers to:

22. Sterilization is defined as:

23. Commercial sterilization targets:

24. Disinfection is the destruction of harmful microbes on:

25. Which method destroys harmful microorganisms on living tissue?

26. Degerming refers to:

27. Sanitization means:

28. Bacteriostasis means:

29. Which factor does NOT affect microbial death rate?

30. Thermal death point (TDP) is:

31. Thermal death time (TDT) is:

32. Decimal reduction time (DRT) is:

33. Autoclaving uses:

34. Pasteurization reduces:

35. Which physical method kills by oxidation?

36. HEPA filters remove microbes larger than:

37. UV radiation kills microbes by:

38. Alcohols kill microbes by:

39. Which heavy metal was used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum?

40. Genetics is the study of:

41. The entire genetic information in a cell is called:

42. Genotype refers to:

43. Phenotype refers to:

44. DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between:

45. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in which direction?

46. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to:

47. Translation begins at which codon?

48. Translation ends at which codons?

49. Exons are:

50. Introns are:

51. A set of operator, promoter, and structural genes is called:

52. The lac operon is an example of a(n):

53. The trp operon is an example of a(n):

54. cAMP accumulates when:

55. A mutation that substitutes one base for another is called:

56. A missense mutation results in:

57. A nonsense mutation results in:

58. A frameshift mutation is caused by:

59. Which radiation causes thymine dimers?

60. Photolyase repairs mutations by:

20. Agar melts at and solidifies around .