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Analytics From Data to Knowledge: The Information HierarchyVersion en ligne
Explore data, information, knowledge and their hierarchy.
Today
,
our
world
produces
vast
amounts
of
that
fuel
decisions
and
trends
.
Data
becomes
when
it
is
given
context
,
transforming
numbers
into
meaningful
messages
.
Information
then
evolves
into
when
we
apply
it
to
real
problems
and
experiences
.
This
?
data
,
information
,
knowledge
?
underpins
modern
society
and
technology
,
guiding
communication
,
policy
,
and
innovation
.
Understanding
this
progression
helps
us
evaluate
sources
,
make
informed
choices
,
and
turn
data
into
.
At
the
most
basic
level
,
consists
of
raw
,
unprocessed
facts
,
figures
,
and
symbols
.
These
are
the
fundamental
building
blocks
of
.
Data
on
its
own
has
little
meaning
.
For
example
,
the
numbers
"
10
,
25
,
40
"
are
just
a
set
of
values
.
It
is
only
when
we
provide
context
that
this
data
becomes
information
.
Information
is
data
that
has
been
organized
,
processed
,
or
structured
in
a
way
that
gives
it
meaning
.
For
instance
,
if
we
add
the
context
that
the
numbers
"
10
,
25
,
40
"
represent
,
they
become
meaningful
information
.
This
transformation
of
data
into
information
is
a
cornerstone
of
how
we
make
sense
of
our
world
.
Finally
,
is
the
understanding
and
application
of
information
.
If
a
farmer
knows
that
a
temperature
of
10
degrees
Celsius
is
too
cold
for
their
specific
crop
,
they
are
using
knowledge
to
make
a
decision
.
Knowledge
is
built
from
information
through
,
learning
,
and
.
The
sources
of
are
everywhere
.
In
a
business
context
,
data
can
come
from
sales
transactions
,
customer
feedback
,
and
inventory
levels
.
In
the
sciences
,
it's
gathered
from
sensor
readings
,
lab
results
,
and
observations
.
This
constant
flow
of
data
has
led
to
the
rise
of
a
new
concept
:
.
Big
data
is
a
term
that
describes
extremely
large
,
diverse
,
and
complex
data
sets
that
grow
at
an
accelerating
rate
.
Its
characteristics
are
often
defined
by
the
:
,
,
and
.
The
sheer
volume
of
is
immense
,
often
measured
in
terabytes
or
even
petabytes
.
Its
refers
to
the
speed
at
which
it
is
generated
and
must
be
processed
,
often
in
real
-
time
.
The
of
big
data
is
what
makes
it
particularly
challenging
and
valuable
,
coming
in
many
formats
and
types
.
These
sources
include
social
media
posts
,
machine
sensor
data
,
and
video
recordings
.
This
diversity
means
that
big
data
applications
are
found
in
countless
situations
.
For
example
,
in
,
big
data
is
used
to
analyze
patient
records
to
predict
outbreaks
.
In
,
it
helps
to
understand
consumer
behavior
and
personalize
recommendations
.
Big
data
is
transforming
industries
by
enabling
organizations
to
find
patterns
and
insights
that
were
previously
impossible
to
discover
.
To
handle
this
massive
variety
of
data
,
different
formats
have
been
developed
.
For
text
-
based
information
,
represents
characters
using
a
standard
numerical
code
.
More
advanced
formats
for
structured
data
include
and
.
XML
uses
to
define
elements
and
attributes
,
creating
a
document
structure
.
JSON
uses
a
simple
,
human
-
readable
syntax
of
key
-
value
pairs
,
making
it
a
popular
choice
for
web
applications
and
APIs
.
These
formats
enable
data
exchange
,
storage
,
and
interoperability
across
platforms
and
programming
languages
.
Beyond
text
,
many
other
data
types
exist
.
For
audio
,
formats
like
Audio
Interchange
File
Format
(
)
and
Waveform
Audio
File
Format
(
)
store
uncompressed
audio
,
ensuring
high
quality
but
requiring
large
file
sizes
.
Image
formats
like
,
,
and
each
serve
different
purposes
,
from
the
compressed
,
web
-
friendly
_____
to
the
lossless
,
transparent
_____
,
and
the
high
-
quality
,
professional
_____
.
Even
simple
plain
text
has
standardized
formats
like
Comma
-
separated
Values
(
)
,
where
data
is
organized
by
commas
,
or
_____
,
also
known
as
,
where
each
piece
of
data
occupies
a
specific
number
of
characters
.
Data
can
be
classified
by
its
fundamental
data
type
.
A
can
only
hold
one
of
two
values
,
either
or
false
.
are
whole
numbers
,
while
include
decimal
values
.
represent
single
letters
or
symbols
,
and
a
String
is
a
sequence
of
characters
.
A
is
specifically
used
to
represent
calendar
dates
.
Data
can
be
classified
in
broader
terms
:
is
descriptive
and
non
-
numerical
,
such
as
a
person's
hair
color
or
a
customer's
review
.
,
on
the
other
hand
,
is
numerical
and
can
be
measured
,
like
a
person's
height
or
the
number
of
sales
.
Furthermore
,
data
can
be
,
which
means
it
is
highly
organized
and
fits
into
a
fixed
format
,
like
a
spreadsheet
or
a
database
table
.
In
contrast
,
lacks
a
predefined
format
,
with
examples
including
emails
,
social
media
posts
,
and
videos
.
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