Compléter
0478 Section 5: INTERNET AND ITS USES 5.1Version en ligne
WWW - URL - DNS - HTTP - HTTPS - COOKIES
The
word
internet
comes
from
INTERconnected
NETwork
,
since
it
is
basically
a
collection
of
interconnected
.
The
internet
is
actually
a
concept
rather
than
something
tangible
(
that
is
,
something
we
can
touch
)
.
It
relies
on
a
physical
that
allows
networks
and
individual
devices
to
to
other
networks
and
.
The
internet
:
Users
can
and
receive
emails
.
Allows
online
chatting
(
via
text
,
audio
and
)
Makes
use
of
protocols
(
TCP
)
and
internet
protocols
(
IP
)
.
It
is
a
worldwide
collection
of
networks
and
devices
The
World
Wide
Web
(
WWW
)
is
only
a
part
of
the
internet
that
users
can
using
web
software
.
The
World
Wide
Web
consists
of
a
massive
collection
of
web
,
and
is
based
on
the
hypertext
transfer
.
Therefore
,
the
World
Wide
Web
is
a
way
of
accessing
using
the
internet
;
so
the
internet
and
the
World
Wide
Web
are
actually
quite
different
.
WWW
:
It
is
a
collection
of
web
pages
and
other
information
on
websites
.
Http
(
s
)
protocols
are
written
using
hypertext
mark
-
up
(
HTML
)
Web
resources
are
accessed
by
Web
Uniform
resource
locators
(
)
are
used
to
specify
the
location
of
web
pages
.
Uses
the
internet
to
access
information
from
web
.
Uniform
resource
locators
(
URLs
)
Web
browsers
are
software
that
allow
users
to
access
and
web
pages
on
their
device
screens
.
Browsers
interpret
mark
-
up
language
(
HTML
)
sent
from
websites
and
produce
the
results
on
the
user
?
s
device
.
Uniform
locators
(
URLs
)
are
text
addresses
used
to
access
.
A
URL
is
typed
into
a
browser
bar
using
the
following
format
:
protocol
:
/
/
website
address
/
path
/
file
nam
e
protocol
:
/
/
website
address
/
path
/
file
name
The
protocol
is
usually
either
http
or
.
The
website
is
:
»
domain
host
(
www
)
,
»
domain
name
(
website
name
)
,
»
domain
type
(
.
com
,
.
,
.
net
,
.
gov
,
for
example
)
,
»
and
sometimes
country
code
(
.
uk
,
.
de
,
.
,
for
example
)
.
The
path
is
the
web
page
,
but
is
often
omitted
and
it
then
becomes
the
root
directory
of
the
(
see
example
below
)
.
The
file
name
is
the
item
on
the
web
page
.
For
example
:
https
:
/
/
www
.
hoddereducation
.
co
.
uk
/
ic
t
Hypertext
transfer
protocol
(
http
)
is
a
set
of
that
must
be
obeyed
when
transferring
files
across
the
internet
.
When
some
form
of
(
for
example
,
SSL
or
TLS
)
is
used
,
then
this
changes
to
https
(
you
will
often
see
the
green
in
the
status
bar
as
well
)
.
The
?
s
?
stands
for
,
and
indicates
a
more
secure
way
of
sending
and
receiving
data
across
a
(
for
example
,
the
internet
)
.
TSL
and
SSL
Secure
Socket
Layer
:
is
standard
technology
for
an
internet
connection
by
data
sent
between
a
website
and
a
browser
(
or
between
two
servers
)
.
It
prevents
from
seeing
or
stealing
any
information
transferred
,
including
personal
or
financial
data
.
Transport
Security
Layer
:
A
security
protocol
from
SSL
,
that
encrypts
communication
between
applications
,
such
as
web
and
servers
,
to
protect
sensitive
transmitted
over
the
internet
.
Most
browsers
have
the
following
features
:
»
Have
a
page
»
Can
store
a
user
?
s
websites
/
web
pages
(
referred
to
as
bookmarks
)
»
Keep
a
of
websites
visited
by
the
user
(
user
history
)
»
Have
the
ability
to
allow
the
user
to
forwards
and
backwards
through
websites
/
web
pages
already
opened
»
Many
web
pages
can
be
open
at
the
same
time
by
using
multiple
»
Make
use
of
cookies
»
Make
use
of
that
allow
navigation
between
websites
and
web
pages
;
»
Data
is
stored
as
a
cache
»
They
use
an
address
bar
;
for
example
:
Retrieval
and
location
of
web
pages
-
IP
ADDRESSES
HTML
(
HyperText
Language
)
is
a
language
used
to
content
on
browsers
.
All
websites
are
written
in
HTML
and
hosted
on
a
web
server
that
has
its
own
IP
address
.
To
retrieve
pages
from
a
website
your
needs
to
know
this
address
.
The
Domain
Server
(
DNS
)
(
also
known
as
domain
name
system
)
is
a
system
for
finding
IP
for
a
domain
name
given
in
a
URL
.
URLs
and
domain
name
eliminate
the
need
for
a
user
to
memorize
IP
addresses
.
The
DNS
process
involves
converting
a
(
such
as
www
.
hoddereducation
.
co
.
uk
)
into
an
IP
address
the
computer
can
understand
(
such
as
107
.
162
.
140
.
19
)
.
The
DNS
process
involves
more
than
one
server
.
DNS
servers
contain
a
of
URLs
with
the
matching
IP
addresses
.
Cookies
are
small
or
code
stored
on
a
user
?
s
computer
.
They
are
sent
by
a
web
to
a
browser
on
a
user
?
s
computer
.
Each
cookie
is
effectively
a
small
look
-
up
table
containing
pairs
of
(
key
,
data
)
values
,
for
example
,
(
surname
,
Jones
)
(
music
,
rock
)
.
Every
time
a
user
a
website
,
it
checks
if
it
has
set
cookies
on
their
browser
before
.
If
so
,
the
browser
reads
the
cookie
which
holds
key
information
on
the
user
?
s
such
as
language
,
currency
and
previous
browsing
activity
.
Cookies
allow
user
and
maintain
user
preferences
.
Collected
data
can
also
be
used
to
the
web
page
for
each
individual
user
.
For
example
,
if
a
user
buys
a
book
online
,
the
cookies
the
type
of
book
chosen
by
the
and
the
web
page
will
then
show
a
message
such
as
"
Customers
who
bought
Hodder
IGCSE
ICT
also
bought
Hodder
IGCSE
Computer
Science
"
.
Session
cookies
Session
cookies
are
used
,
for
example
,
when
making
online
.
They
keep
a
user
?
s
items
in
a
virtual
shopping
basket
.
This
type
of
cookie
is
stored
in
memory
on
the
computer
,
doesn
?
t
actually
collect
any
from
the
user
?
s
computer
and
doesn
?
t
personally
identify
a
user
.
Hence
,
session
cookies
cease
to
on
a
user
?
s
computer
once
the
browser
is
closed
or
the
website
session
is
terminated
.
Persistent
cookies
:
Remember
a
user
?
s
in
details
(
so
that
they
can
the
user
?
s
browser
)
.
They
are
on
the
hard
drive
of
a
user
?
s
computer
until
the
expiry
date
is
reached
or
the
user
deletes
it
.
These
cookies
remain
in
operation
on
the
user
?
s
computer
even
after
the
browser
is
or
the
website
session
is
terminated
.
Persistent
Cookies
Their
advantage
is
that
they
the
need
to
type
in
login
details
every
a
certain
website
is
visited
.
Some
websites
use
cookies
to
store
more
or
user
.
However
,
this
can
only
be
done
if
the
user
has
provided
the
website
with
certain
personal
information
and
agrees
to
it
being
stored
.
Legitimate
websites
will
always
any
personal
information
stored
in
the
cookie
to
prevent
unauthorized
use
by
a
third
party
that
has
access
to
your
cookie
folder
.
Persistent
cookies
:
Very
efficient
way
of
carrying
data
from
one
website
to
another
,
or
even
between
sessions
on
related
websites
;
they
remove
the
need
to
massive
amounts
of
data
on
the
web
server
itself
.
Storing
the
data
on
the
web
server
without
using
cookies
would
also
make
it
very
difficult
to
a
user
?
s
data
without
requiring
the
user
to
in
every
time
they
visit
the
website
.
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