1
An error in reasoning that occurs when a conclusion is based on too little evidence or when the gap between the evidence and conclusion is too wide.
2
A fallacy that makes an illogical assumption that a statement is self-evident (or true) when it actually requires proof.
3
The tendency that people have to accept information that supports their own beliefs and to ignore information that does not.
4
Faulty reasoning that presents only two choices when there are actually three or more choices.
5
A fallacy using two different meanings for the same key term in an argument.
6
Illogical reasoning that occurs when a conclusion does not follow from the premises or is supported by weak or irrelevant evidence or by no evidence at all.
7
An unfair tactic of argument in which the writer misrepresents evidence—for example, by presenting an opponent’s view inaccurately or by exaggerating his or her position.
8
Biased or misleading information that is spread about a particular viewpoint, person, or cause.
9
A model for deductive reasoning that includes a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
10
An appeal attempting to convince people that something is true because it is widely held to be true.
11
A form of reasoning that begins with specific observations (or evidence) and moves to a general conclusion.
12
A statement that uses what is known to draw a conclusion about what is unknown.
13
A form of reasoning that moves from general statements (or premises) to specific conclusions.
14
The logical fallacy of undermining an argument by attacking the person who is making the argument instead of addressing the argument itself.
15
An intentional oversimplification of an opposing argument to make it easier to refute.
16
An unfair tactic that makes an argument appear stronger by presenting only evidence that supports a particular position and ignoring evidence that challenges it.
17
A personal judgment; therefore, an idea that is open to debate.
18
An appeal to the emotions.
19
An appeal to the trustworthiness or credibility of a speaker or writer.
20
An appeal to logic.
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