Compléter
Urinary System what u need to know.
1
body
fastin
vitamin
calcitriol
metabolic
environment
ECF
pressure
blood
excess
acid
volume
ions
osmolarity
base
D
water
RBC
toxins
Gluconeogenesis
ions
solutes
regulating
regulating
production
blood
erythropoietin
internal
wastes
renin
*
Removal
of
,
,
and
from
the
*
Maintain
the
?
s
:
*
Regulate
total
and
(
concentration
of
)
of
the
body
*
Regulate
concentrations
of
in
(
ex
.
Na
+
,
K
+
,
Ca
+
,
Cl
-
)
*
Maintain
-
balance
*
Hormone
production
(
for
and
for
)
*
Converts
to
(
its
active
form
)
*
during
prolonged
2
Urethra
Nephrons
Ureters
Kidneys
Urinary
bladder
*
are
major
excretory
organs
-
are
the
functional
excretory
units
*
is
the
temporary
storage
reservoir
for
urine
*
transport
urine
from
the
kidneys
to
the
bladder
*
transports
urine
out
of
the
bod
y
3
hilu
superior
concave
Ureters
Convex
nerves
lumbar
hilum
Right
blood
renal
sinus
lymphatics
Retroperitoneal
vessels
left
The
Kidneys
*
,
in
the
region
*
kidney
is
lower
than
the
*
lateral
surface
,
medial
surface
*
Renal
leads
to
the
renal
*
,
,
,
and
enter
and
exit
at
the
4
Cortex
calyx
Renal
Superficial
Pelvis
Minor
Renal
Medulla
Column
Renal
Renal
:
Contains
bulk
of
nephron
structures
;
region
of
kidney
:
Containing
mostly
collecting
ducts
:
Runs
between
each
medulla
:
Cup
shaped
,
encircles
the
apex
of
a
pyramid
-
Basin
area
of
kidney
,
continuous
with
urete
r
5
urine
functional
Nephrons
cortex
urine
conserving
interface
Renal
renal
tubule
85%
Juxtamedullary
concentrated
Bowman
corpuscle
loops
capsule
wate
capillaries
units
1
Nephrons
medulla
Glomerulus
Cortical
long
The
Nephron
:
Structural
and
that
form
Each
kidney
contains
about
million
nephrons
Two
main
parts
:
-
(
)
:
a
tuft
of
-
:
begins
as
cup
-
shaped
glomerular
(
?
s
)
surrounding
the
glomerulus
Two
Classes
-
:
About
of
all
nephrons
,
almost
completely
in
cortex
-
:
Originate
at
-
,
that
dip
into
the
medulla
;
allow
for
production
of
&
6
PCT
cortical
DCT
recta
juxtamedullary
Vasa
Peritubular
capillaries
Two
Classes
Cortical
Nephrons
:
associated
with
and
of
nephrons
Juxtamedullary
Nephrons
:
associated
with
the
nephron
loop
of
nephron
s
7
arterioles
afferent
JGC
walls
blood
cells
NaCl
glomerulus
Macula
Juxtaglomerular
signal
mesangial
densa
systemic
loop
afferent
cells
blood
pressure
cells
macula
chemical
JGC
ascending
filtrate
renin
Extraglomerular
tubule
Complex
cells
arteriole
nephron
ascending
communication
distal
convoluted
densa
concentrations
Complex
Granular
arteriole
Juxtaglomerular
JGC
pressure
granular
Complex
chemoreceptor
Juxtaglomerular
formation
mechanoreceptors
*
(
)
:
Region
where
portion
of
nephron
loop
lies
against
the
that
feeds
the
*
(
)
:
Both
the
and
cells
are
modified
at
point
of
contact
*
(
)
helps
to
regulate
rate
of
&
*
?
modified
cells
of
nephron
loop
;
packed
beside
granular
cells
;
cells
that
monitor
of
filtrate
entering
the
*
?
found
in
;
act
as
,
releasing
when
changes
in
occur
*
?
lie
between
the
nephron
loop
and
arterioles
;
allows
between
and
via
8
high
Nitrogenous
5%
Abnormally
95%
cleansing
balancing
pathology
urine
blood
formation
Chemically
filtered
urine
wastes
*
water
and
solutes
*
:
urea
,
uric
acid
,
and
creatinine
*
Other
normal
solutes
Na
+
,
K
+
,
PO43
?
,
and
SO42
?
,
Ca2
+
,
Mg2
+
and
HCO3
?
*
concentrations
of
any
constituent
may
indicate
*
and
of
the
blood
leads
to
?
is
literally
just
!
9
Tubular
secretion
reabsorption
Tubular
filtration
Glomerular
*
:
"
dumping
filtrate
into
the
waste
container
"
*
:
"
reclaiming
what
the
body
needs
to
keep
"
*
:
"
selectively
adding
to
the
waste
container
"
10
Net
pressure
formation
Pressure
solutes
out
Filtration
solutes
Hydrostatic
water
pressure
filtrate
Colloid
i
water
outward
osmotic
inward
*
is
determined
by
the
differences
in
and
pressures
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
HPgc
)
aka
glomerular
BP
,
promotes
,
"
the
push
"
forcing
and
of
blood
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
OPgc
)
,
"
the
pull
"
by
blood
proteins
keeping
and
11
pressure
acid
chronic
stones
bacterial
ureter
calcium
infection
Kidney
uric
Ca2
urine
magnesium
pH
pain
*
form
in
renal
pelvis
-
Crystallized
,
,
or
salts
*
Larger
stones
block
,
cause
and
in
kidneys
*
May
be
due
to
,
retention
,
?
+
in
blood
,
?
of
urin
e
13
urethral
ANS
nervous
urethral
detrusor
internal
sphincter
syste
ANS
external
sphincter
somatic
muscle
Three
simultaneous
events
*
Contraction
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
14
180
150
24
0
metabolism
output
8
cellular
Urinalysis
1
diet
consistancy
2
urinary
Urinalysis
30
urine
*
Blood
composition
depends
on
:
,
and
*
In
hours
,
million
nephrons
of
the
kidneys
filter
-
liters
of
blood
plasma
;
resulting
in
.
-
liter
of
urine
output
daily
*
In
healthy
individuals
,
kidneys
maintain
despite
variation
in
diet
and
metabolic
activity
*
allows
testing
to
determine
substances
present
in
a
urine
specimen
?
this
can
be
used
to
assess
health
of
a
patient
*
must
be
done
within
minutes
after
urine
is
voide
d
15
Color
Transparency
urine
gravity
of
pH
Odor
Specific
*
and
*
?
slightly
aromatic
*
ranges
from
4
.
5
-
8
.
0
(
average
of
6
)
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
specific
volume
of
liquid
compared
with
an
equal
volume
of
distilled
water
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
1
.
000
,
because
1
ml
weighs
1
gram
.
16
Transparency
yellow
Color
water
pale
blood
amber
urochrome
drugs
UT
solutes
clear
bile
foods
*
and
*
Should
be
and
to
in
color
,
due
to
(
pigment
metabolite
of
bilirubin
)
*
Color
variations
indicate
the
relative
concentration
of
to
in
the
urine
*
Abnormal
urine
color
may
be
due
to
certain
,
such
as
beets
,
various
,
,
or
*
Cloudy
urine
may
indicate
a
17
urine
acidity
vegetarian
alkalinity
disease
infection
Diet
0
Odor
urine
whole
8
urine
ammonia
urine
wheat
pH
increase
of
odor
protein
4
urine
ash
pH
6
tract
pH
diet
urine
odor
urinary
vegetables
drugs
Bacteria
acid
5
*
?
slightly
aromatic
-
action
gives
it
an
-
like
-
Some
,
and
various
processes
alter
the
characteristic
or
.
Example
:
someone
with
uncontrolled
diabetes
mellitus
makes
urine
smell
fruity
or
acetone
-
like
.
*
ranges
from
.
-
.
(
average
of
)
*
can
influence
or
-
A
diet
high
in
and
raise
the
of
.
The
foods
that
can
the
are
called
foods
.
-
A
(
alkaline
ash
diet
)
increases
the
of
the
.
-
A
may
also
result
in
urine
with
a
high
pH
.
18
1
water
kidney
gravity
Specific
precipitate
distilled
1
solutes
crystallize
more
001
urinprober
1
ml
specific
less
000
volume
1
1
liquid
equal
hydrometer
stones
volume
030
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
of
compared
with
an
of
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
.
,
because
weighs
gram
.
-
Measured
using
a
/
-
Urine
weighs
more
because
it
has
?
normal
is
.
-
.
.
-
High
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Limited
fluid
intake
,
fever
,
kidney
inflammation
-
Low
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Excessive
water
intake
,
diabetes
insipidus
or
chronic
renal
failure
*
If
urine
becomes
excessively
concentrated
,
some
substances
normally
held
in
solution
begin
to
or
forming
(
renal
calculi
)
.
19
collecting
blood
distal
cell
pathological
blood
Casts
white
ducts
Hyaline
red
convoluted
Hardened
cell
tubules
:
*
cell
fragments
,
formed
in
&
*
,
and
casts
*
Always
indicate
a
conditio
n
20
blood
insulin
High
diabetes
inadequate
Glycosuri
transport
mellitus
Glucosuria
carbohydrate
mechanisms
sugar
Glucose
exceeded
active
levels
(
)
:
*
due
to
levels
;
or
can
result
when
for
glucose
are
temporarily
*
Excessive
intake
*
Uncontrolled
*
Aka
21
kidney
trauma
glomerulus
big
pregnancy
protein
exertion
Albumin
Pathological
overabundant
intake
permeability
Poisons
Hypertension
excessive
Toxins
increased
*
-
albumin
in
urine
-
Normally
albumin
is
too
to
pass
through
the
?
so
when
it
does
you
have
an
abnormally
of
the
membrane
.
-
Nonpathological
conditions
:
,
,
-
conditions
usually
events
that
damage
the
glomerular
membrane
*
*
*
*
22
ketones
metabolic
starvation
diabetes
acid
mellitu
small
acidosis
abnormal
bodies
acid
carbohydrates
acetone
ketone
fat
glucose
hydroxybutyric
beta
diets
larger
*
Ketone
Bodies
(
Ketonuria
)
:
Acetoacetic
,
-
and
are
.
-
Normally
found
in
amounts
in
urine
-
If
amounts
usually
indicates
processes
are
occurring
.
The
result
is
.
-
Expect
to
see
this
during
or
very
low
in
?
inadequate
food
forces
the
body
to
use
its
stored
.
-
Finding
both
and
usually
indicates
23
Blood
big
rbc
Red
Cells
pathology
*
(
hematuria
)
:
Indicates
of
the
urinary
tract
?
are
too
to
pass
through
glomerular
pores
-
Kidney
stones
-
Infection
-
Tumors
-
Physical
trauma
to
urinary
organ
s
24
hemolysis
Hemoglobin
RBCs
*
(
Hemoglobinuria
)
in
urine
as
a
result
of
(
bursting
)
of
*
Indicates
-
Hemolytic
anemias
-
Transfusion
reactions
-
Burns
-
Venomous
snake
bites
-
Renal
diseas
e
25
Bile
trac
yellow
foam
pathology
Blood
urinary
liver
Nitrites
urine
infection
infection
shaken
White
Pigments
bacterial
bladder
Cells
inflammation
*
-
May
indicate
a
(
E
.
coli
)
-
Valuable
for
early
indicators
of
*
(
Bilirubinuria
)
bilirubin
in
urine
(
bile
pigments
)
Usually
indicates
-
hepatitis
-
cirrhosis
-
bile
duct
blockage
Usually
forms
when
urine
is
*
(
Pyuria
)
presence
of
white
blood
cells
in
(
pus
)
-
Indicates
of
26
Glomerulonephritis
insipidus
Diabetes
Pyelonephritis
Gonorrhea
Diabetes
mellitus
*
-
kidney
infection
*
-
"
glomerular
disease
"
acute
inflammation
of
the
kidney
,
typically
caused
by
an
immune
response
*
-
sexually
transmitted
bacterial
infection
*
-
diabetes
-
too
much
sugar
in
the
blood
*
-
rare
-
caused
by
a
deficiency
of
the
pituitary
hormone
ADH
(
vasopressin
)
which
regulates
kidney
function
.
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