Relier Pairs Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions --Matching GameVersion en ligne Selected definitions. Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 13th edition par Alexander Jones 1 General senses 2 Proprioception 3 Visceral senses 4 Somatic senses 5 Sensation 6 Perception 7 Special senses Receptors are all over the body, generates action potentials called generator potentials which travel towards the brain--2 groups; somatic & visceral Sense of body position & movement Information about skin, muscles, & joints--touch, temperature, pressure, pain, & proprioception Conscious awareness of sensations; the brain interprets sensation-generated AP's--occurs in the cerebral cortex Information about interal organs (visera)--pressure & pain Receptors that are located in specific organs--smell, taste, vision, hearing, & *balance* Occurs when stimuli activate sensory receptors which generate AP's sent along sensory nerves to the spinal cord & brain--occurs in PNS 1 Cuteaneous receptor 2 Photoreceptor 3 Mechanoreceptor 4 Chemoreceptor 5 Thermoreceptor 6 Visceroreceptor 7 Nociceptor 8 Proprioceptor Associated with joints, tendons, & other CT; provide information about body position, movement, and the extent of stretch or force/muscle contractions Chemicals (taste & smell) Compression, bending, stretching of cells--touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, & balance Changes in temperature Associated with the skin; provide information about the external environment Associated with the viscera or organs, provide information about the internal environment Light energy (vision) Pain; extreme mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli 1 Tonic receptors 2 Chronic pain 3 Receptor potential 4 Phasic receptors 5 Pain 6 Secondary receptors 7 Adaptation 8 Primary receptors 9 Referred pain Painful sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus Rate of adaption where sensor adapts very slowly--ex: Merkel disks & Ruffini end organs Causes release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential--senses like taste, hearing, & balance Rate of adaption where sensor adapts rapidly--ex: Pacinian & Meissner corpuscles Sensory receptor cells that conduct action potentials in response to receptor potential. Sensation characterized by a group of unpleasant & complex perceptual & emotional experiences that trigger autonomic, psych., and som. motor responses Decreased sensitivity to a stimulus Graded potential that is produced once a sensory receptor has been stimulated Long lasting pain 1 Wernicke area 2 Muscle spindles 3 Broca area 4 Merkel disk 5 Arcuate faciculus 6 Hair follicle receptors 7 Ascending pathway 8 Pacinian corpuscle 9 Ruffini end organ 10 Meissner corpuscle 11 Descending pathway 12 Golgi tendon organs Sensory speech area; allows person to create meaningful speech Detects continuous touch or pressure Specialized muscle fibers that detect stretch Detects light touch and superficial pressure Bundle of neurons that connect the Wernicke & Broca areas Proprioceptive receptors associated with the fibers of a tendon near the junction between the muscle and the tendon Detects light touch and slight bending of the hair Sensory tract in spinal cord's white matter Motor tract in spinal cord's white matter Detects vibration (and deep cutaneous pressure) Motor speech area; allows muscles to say words that can be understood Detects 2 point discrimination (& helps evaluate texture) 1 Vestibulocerebellum 2 Primary sensory areas 3 Primary somatosensory cortex 4 Direct pathways 5 Spinocerebellum 6 Cerebrocerebellum 7 Comparator 8 Voluntary movement 9 Lower motor neurons 10 Upper motor neurons 11 Involuntary movement 12 Indirect pathways 13 Cerebellum Connect the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons directly or through interneurons--voluntary movement depends on these Consciously activated to achieve a specific goal--reflexes mediated through the spinal cord and the brain stem responsible for body movements Occur without conscious thought--reflexes mediated through the spinal cord and the brain stem responsible for body movements Consists of 3 functional parts; the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, & cerebrocerebellum Consists of the lateral 2/3 of the lateral hemispheres--communicates w/ the motor, premotor, & prefrontal portions of the cerebral cortex for planning Connect upper motor neurons to skeletal muscles--voluntary movements depend on these General sensory area; receives general sensory input, such as pain, pressure and temperature from the thalamus Involved in less precise control of motor functions such as posture--unconscious movement; a division of descending motor fibers Consists of the vermis & medial portion of the lateral hemisphere; helps accomplish fine motor coordination of simple movements by comparator function Involved in maintaining muscle tone and controlling speed & precision of skilled movements--conscious movement; a division of descending motor fibers Sensing device that compares the data from two sources Flocculondular lobe; receives direct input from vestibular structures--helps maintain muscle tone in postural muscles Specific regions of the cerebral cortex that sensory pathways project to 1 Declarative memory 2 Working memory 3 Beta waves 4 Rapid eye movement (REM) 5 Consolidation 6 Long-term memory 7 Reticular activating system (RAS) 8 Short-term memory 9 Theta waves 10 Amygdala 11 Hippocampus 12 Delta waves 13 Reticular formation 14 Alpha waves 15 Procedural memory 16 Long-term potentiation Facilitation or potentiation of the future transmission of action potentials Process of transferring short-term to long-term memory Implicit or reflexive memory; involves the development of skills or procedures--ex: riding a bike Requires the prior formation of short-term memory; a more stable storage state that lasts from days to years or a lifetime Part of the temporal lobe; required to store factual content such as a person's name Explicit memories; involves the retention of facts that you can easily state or declare Regulates the sleep-wake cycle; collateral branches of trigeminothalamic tract neurons project to the RAS stimulating wakefulness & consciousness Lasts longer than working memory and can be stored from minutes to days Task-associated memory; occurs when the brain briefly stores information required for immediate performance of a task Person is awake but in a quiet, resting state w/ eyes closed Group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem that is involved in regulating cyclical motor functions A rapid transition from beta rhythm to alpha rhythm; when dreaming occurs Usually occur in children, can also occur in adults who are experiencing frustration or who have certain brain disorders Higher frequency than alpha waves; occur during intense mental activity Occur in infants, in patients w/ severe brain disorders, & people who are in deep sleep Part of the temporal lobe; contributes emotional overtones to memory, such as feelings of dislike associated with a person
