Elige entre Verdadero ó Falso
1
Pronunciation is the first and most important aspect that native speakers notice during a conversation. However, knowing grammar and vocabulary is even more important.
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The teaching of pronunciation plays a vital role in the children's education, but it should be kept to a minimum at the very beginning, in order not to make a negative influence on writing and reading.
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When learning a FL, we tend to transfer our own sound system and produce sounds which we use in our native language.
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Phonology is the science that studies the sounds and human voice, studying the physical aspects of speech processes.
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Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, being concerned with the properties of the sounds waves.
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Auditory phonetics studies how speech sounds are perceived, being concerned with the way the brain forms representations from the input it receives.
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Phonology is the science that studies the sound system, studying how sounds are combined in a language in order to express meanings, dealing with prosodic features.
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In order to better understand the differences between these two sciences, Pike states the following: “Phonetics gathers raw material, whereas phonology cooks it”.
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Within the phonological system can be distinguished the Suprasegmental phonology (vowels and consonants) and the segmental phonology (stress, rhythm and intonation patterns).
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Vowels differ from consonants in that, from an articulatory point of view, there is a noticeable obstruction to the air-stream in the oral cavity during its production.
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All vowels are voiced, being determined by changes of the position of the lips, tongue and palate, although these changes can be very slight and difficult to detect.
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The main objective of the Audiovisual method is to make students aware of how language functions, allowing them to communicate and think in the L2, which will be acquired in a natural and spontaneous way, avoiding the use of the L1.
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Countries that use a phonological system (Spain) do not really face any difficulties when understanding why many English words seem to be spelt in a completely different way to how they are pronounced.
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Graphetics is the study of the linguistic contrasts that writing systems convey, and its unit is the grapheme, which can be defined as the smallest contrastive unit in a writing system that might produce a change in meaning.
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Orthography is the set of symbols used to write a language, as well as the set of rules describing how to write correctly (including spelling, punctuation and capitalization).
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English has an alphabet of 26 letters for both consonants and vowels, with each English letter representing just one sound, and each English sound (phoneme) being written by just one letter.
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English orthography does not necessarily present complicated rules in comparison to other spelling systems that contain many inconsistencies between spelling and pronunciation.
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There are several types of writing systems, among which can be found, on the one hand, the phonological systems and the non-phonological systems.
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Both English and Spanish correspond to phonological alphabetic systems, which means that they show a direct correspondence between graphemes and phonemes, not varying in their regularity.
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In general terms, English spelling is considered to be difficult and unpredictable being, according to recent studies, 75% irregular.
21
There are some letters in certain words which do not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation, being known as borrowings.
22
As well as in the native language, in the FL we must teach written expression after having taught oral language, which means that pupils may not express themselves by writing until they manage oral language perfectly.
23
According to Matthews, the skills that students should acquire are graphic skills, grammatical skills, stylistic skills, rhetorical skills and organisational skills.
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When analysing or correcting children´s written work in the activities, it is very important to have a clear approach towards the correction of mistakes, not correcting every single mistake.
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It has been shown that students tend to learn vocabulary more effectively when the vocabulary is recorded in an organised manner rather than as random lists of words.
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The entire words in a language, independent of its grammar, is called lexicon, which covers the whole of the speaker's world, being just a mixture of independent words.
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It is extremely important for our students to know as much lexicon as possible so as to be able to “survive” in contacts with English native speakers or English speaking people, which just involves learning the meaning of words.
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Lexemes may be understood as the branch of Linguistics that studies meaning in language, involving both words and expressions, that is, what words mean to say when we speak or write.
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The units of Semantics are the lexemes, which can be grouped into semantic fields and lexical fields.
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The internal organizing principles that create these lexical fields are known as sense relationships, and these relationships between lexemes can be analysed under two main headings: hyponymy and homonymy.
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Polysemy corresponds to the relationship in which a lexeme can be used to express different meanings that are somehow related, like in (train “means of transport” and “teach”).
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The Semantic Field Theory consists of a constructed language with a small number of words, around 850, taking around 7 years to learn English, but only 7 weeks to learn the basic principles of the English language.
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The vocabulary learnt in Primary Education must be useful from a communicative point of view, using both formal and informal vocabulary in order to give the learners plenty of opportunities to actually use the words.
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There is a need for establishing the criteria for selecting words, considering the frequency, usefulness and learnability of words.
35
The more words our students know, the more and better they will be able to understand what they hear and read, and the more and better they will be able to say what they want to express when speaking or writing. However, the first problem is to decide which words we should concentrate on when teaching.
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Overall, when planning the vocabulary to be dealt with along the lessons, we should always consider the context in which it is going to be placed, as when working with competences contextualised tasks will always be promoted, as well as our students’ centres of interest, following the individualised system proposed by the current legislation.
37
In order to master a language, we need to understand its native speakers and also to make ourselves understood, which involves being able to encode and decode oral messages.
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It is necessary that our students get to understand the communicative process which, according to Chomsky, includes four linguistic levels: phonological, semantic, morphological and syntactic, being phonology and semantics part of grammar.
39
Nowadays grammar should be taught and learnt in a very practical way in the classroom, from a communicative point of view, with learners communicating their ideas, feelings and attitudes, rather than learning by heart a set of structures, through repetitive and monotonous activities or drills.
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Whereas morphology is the branch or discipline of linguistics that studies morphemes, syntax studies how words join to form clauses and then sentences.
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According to Stephen Krashen’s Natural Approach, language should be taught from the simplest to the most complex, starting with the morphological level, since the lexeme is the smallest meaningful unit of the language that has its own meaning.
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Morphemes can perfectly be divided without altering or destroying their meaning, being classified into free and bound morphemes.
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Free morphemes occur alone, as separate words, being classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.
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Inflectional morphemes are concerned with word formation processes, making new words in the language, considering acronyms, affixation, blendings or borrowings, among others.
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A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing or idea, being commonly divided into restrictive, non-restrictive, gradual, non-gradual, compound and descriptive nouns.
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The sentence is the largest unit described in grammar, being the most elementary communicative structure, consisting of one independent clause or two or more related clauses that can be either coordinated or subordinated, in order to communicate ideas, emotions and attitudes in both writing and speaking, being all sentences simple.
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Language learning is a complex phenomenon, so it cannot be memorized. Besides, understanding a rule does not mean that students will be able to communicate, as rules are important, but should not be the only focus and objective of the teacher.
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The Communicative Approach is the only method that should be borne in mind for the development of the Communicative Competence
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The Direct Method derives from the traditional approach of teaching classical languages, like Latin and Greek, due to its influence from religion, education and commerce, among others, leading to students to memorize by heart its rules and conjugations, becoming a standardised approach for learning foreign languages worldwide.
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One of the main objectives of the Suggestopedia Approach is to provide an environment in which the amount of teaching is kept to a minimum, so that unnecessary language is omitted.
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One of the most modern ways of learning corresponds to the Task-based Approach, being very related to the development of the key competences
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The Communicative Approach appeared from the dissatisfaction of educators and linguists with the Natural Approach, as students were not learning realistic and whole language, and did not know how to communicate using appropriate language, gestures and verbal and non-verbal means of communication
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