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Electoral Systems

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Electoral Systems

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Soledad Monzón
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eligibility bodies permissible electoral second party public political voting most candidates multiple Kingdom

Electoral systems , often referred to as systems , systematize the election of candidates for office . Inherent in these systems are explicit rules for executing the voting process . These rules govern voting requirements for the populace , tabulation of the results , and voting methods .
The electoral system specifies the type of ballot , the size of votes , and the method for tabulating votes . These specifications are what distinguish one electoral system from another . Thus , elections in countries will vary as a result of the adopted system .
Electoral systems can differ with regard to the manner in which individuals articulate their voting preferences . This mostly concerns the structure of the ballot . Electoral systems can be considered single - winner systems and - winner systems . Single - winner systems elect a single person for an elected office , whereas multiple - winner systems produce elections that generate multiple winners . Several methods exist for achieving a single - winner system ; the popular are as follows .
Voters participating in a ranked ballot system will rank order their preference for candidates from most preferred to least preferred . This method allows each voter to express his or her opinion about all public office as a result of rank ordering . Alternately , range voting allows voters to rate or score each candidate individually along a prespecified range articulated by the voting system . The scores for each candidate for public office are tabulated , and the candidate with the greatest score is proclaimed the winner . Plurality voting is most commonly used in the United States , Canada , India , and the United . This voting form specifies that the proclaimed winner is the candidate who wins the most votes , regardless of whether the vote is a majority of the votes .
A variation of plurality voting exists in France , which specifies that if no candidate receives a majority vote , a election occurs ( a runoff election ) between the two top vote - getting candidates to choose a winner . The most common methods used by single - winner systems are plurality and runoff voting .
Multiple - winner systems usually characterize elections for legislative . In this instance , the concern is not necessarily which individuals get elected but how many seats the political is able to secure . Therefore , the emphasis tends to be on the political party's composition of the legislative body , whereas in single - winner systems the emphasis is more on the individual seeking election . Many multiple - winner systems seek the distribution of power on the basis of proportional representation .