1
Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness)
2
An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky’s theory reflects this approach
3
Education that involves the whole child by considering both the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interests, and learning styles.
4
Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children
5
Piaget’s second substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (between 4 and 7 years of age)
6
Piaget’s first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age)
7
Piaget’s second stage, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed
8
Aspects of thinking that include planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
9
An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom andPage G-6 spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.
10
An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Executive function involves managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and to exercise self-control.
11
Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
12
In Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.
13
The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s (salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought).
14
Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
15
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
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