Relier Pairs Final review 4Version en ligne Match theories to central premises par Carlos Ponce 1 Differential association reinforcement theory 2 Crime pattern theory 3 Concentric zone model 4 Routine activity theory 5 Life-Course-Developmental Theory 6 Interactional theory 7 Sociology of deviance 8 Social disorganization 9 Anomie-strain theory 10 Institutional anomie theory 11 Labelling theory 12 The culture of the gang 13 Rational choice theory 14 Illegitimate opportunity structures 15 Techniques of neutralization 16 Differential association theory There is an institutional imbalance in which the economy dominates political system, education, and the family, which leads to an amoral “ends justifies the means” attitude in society. Individuals commit crimes when they perceive that the costs of perpetrating the offence are outweighed by the rewards. The way people adapt to strain depends on differential access to specific subcultures. Offenders employ tactics to deal with the guilt associated with their crimes. Moral entrepreneurs/crusaders make up rules that create deviant labels. The state of anomie in American society is caused by the dysfunction between cultural goals (the accumulation of wealth) and the institutional means to reach them. Societies need a certain amount of deviance to define socially unacceptable behaviours. People that are labelled as deviants are more likely to develop a deviant self-image and continue engaging in deviant behaviour People's everyday activities and patterns influence the convergence of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardianship, producing crime opportunities. Weak social bonds may lead to exposure to delinquent peers and learning delinquent values, and associating with these people may result in weaker social bonds. Crime is not random it is shaped by how people's routine activities are dictated by the built environment. Criminal behaviour is learned through a process of social interaction, which includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes, and rationalizations. Lower class males have similar aspirations to their middle and upper-class peers. When they realize they can't compete and, therefore, are deprived of attaining status, they experience frustration and strain that leads them to create their own goals and define ways to reach them. Criminal behaviour is learned through the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and in non-social situations (imitation and modelling). The accumulation of social capital reduces the likelihood of offenders engaging in criminal behaviour. The expansion of cities follows a pattern that creates desirable and undesirable residential areas. Areas where people don’t want to live are characterized by weak family and communal ties. The breakdown of the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate the capacity to exercise informal social control may lead to greater violence and crime.
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