Microorganisms
(
or
)
are
living
organisms
that
are
generally
too
small
to
be
seen
without
a
microscope
.
Throughout
history
,
humans
have
used
microbes
to
make
fermented
foods
such
as
,
bread
,
cheese
,
and
wine
.
Long
before
the
invention
of
the
microscope
,
some
people
theorized
that
and
disease
were
spread
by
living
things
that
were
too
small
to
be
seen
.
They
also
correctly
intuited
certain
principles
regarding
the
spread
of
and
immunity
.
Carolus
Linnaeus
developed
a
system
for
categorizing
organisms
into
related
groups
.
Binomial
assigns
organisms
Latinized
scientific
names
with
a
genus
and
species
designation
.
A
tree
is
a
way
of
showing
how
different
organisms
are
thought
to
be
related
to
one
another
from
an
evolutionary
standpoint
.
The
first
phylogenetic
tree
contained
kingdoms
for
plants
and
;
Ernst
Haeckel
proposed
adding
kingdom
for
.
Robert
Whittaker
?
s
tree
contained
five
kingdoms
:
,
Plantae
,
Protista
,
Fungi
,
and
Monera
.
Carl
Woese
used
small
subunit
ribosomal
RNA
to
create
a
phylogenetic
tree
that
groups
organisms
into
domains
based
on
their
genetic
similarity
.
Bergey
?
s
manuals
of
determinative
and
systemic
bacteriology
are
the
standard
for
identifying
and
classifying
bacteria
,
respectively
.
Bacteria
can
be
identified
through
biochemical
tests
,
/
RNA
analysis
,
and
serological
testing
methods
.
Microorganisms
are
very
and
are
found
in
all
three
domains
of
life
:
Archaea
,
Bacteria
,
and
Eukarya
.
Archaea
and
bacteria
are
classified
as
because
they
lack
a
cellular
nucleus
.
Archaea
differ
from
in
evolutionary
history
,
genetics
,
metabolic
pathways
,
and
cell
wall
and
membrane
composition
.
Archaea
inhabit
nearly
every
environment
on
earth
,
but
no
archaea
have
been
identified
as
human
.
studied
in
microbiology
include
algae
,
protozoa
,
fungi
,
and
helminths
.
Algae
are
-
like
organisms
that
can
be
either
unicellular
or
multicellular
,
and
derive
energy
via
.
are
unicellular
organisms
with
complex
cell
structures
;
most
are
motile
.
Microscopic
fungi
include
and
yeasts
.
are
multicellular
parasitic
worms
.
They
are
included
in
the
field
of
microbiology
because
their
eggs
and
are
often
microscopic
.
are
acellular
microorganisms
that
require
a
host
to
reproduce
.
The
field
of
microbiology
is
extremely
.
Microbiologists
typically
specialize
in
one
of
many
subfields
,
but
all
professionals
need
a
solid
foundation
in
clinical
microbiology
.
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