The
cost
of
commuting
Commuting
is
one
of
those
necessary
evils
that's
baked
into
modern
cities
,
like
noise
pollution
and
too
many
pigeons
.
But
new
research
has
found
the
it
invites
is
costing
workers
significantly
.
The
commute
to
and
from
work
around
50
minutes
of
the
average
American
day
and
?
as
anyone
who's
ever
taken
a
9
am
ride
on
the
New
York
City
subway
knows
?
fresh
horrors
await
you
daily
as
ill
-
equipped
infrastructure
tries
to
get
too
many
people
from
point
A
to
point
B
.
The
frustration
that
comes
from
long
delays
and
cramped
journeys
is
nothing
new
,
but
a
recent
study
out
of
the
University
of
the
West
of
England
has
put
a
dollar
sign
on
the
commuter
experience
,
and
it
might
make
you
think
twice
about
your
next
metro
pass
.
Researchers
analyzed
data
from
a
government
-
run
called
the
UK
Household
Longitudinal
Study
,
a
survey
that
quizzes
adult
members
of
40
,
000
households
throughout
the
UK
.
Using
questionnaire
data
collected
between
2009
and
2016
,
researchers
not
only
concluded
that
commuting
.
we
already
knew
that
?
but
also
,
that
an
extra
20
-
minute
period
tacked
onto
a
day's
commute
can
result
in
a
worker's
job
satisfaction
dropping
to
the
equivalent
of
taking
a
19
percent
pay
cut
.
In
other
words
,
a
long
and
terrible
commute
can
significantly
affect
your
satisfaction
with
your
job
.
This
information
is
significant
because
commutes
are
not
getting
any
shorter
.
Quite
the
opposite
,
in
fact
.
According
to
Census
data
,
American
commutes
have
been
getting
longer
since
at
least
2010
.
Data
from
2015
showed
that
45
-
minute
commutes
grew
by
3
.
5
percent
in
2014
,
while
hour
-
long
commutes
grew
by
5
.
1
percent
.
There
are
solutions
!
Before
you
totally
that
your
commute
is
going
to
make
you
feel
like
you're
making
less
money
every
year
,
know
that
technology
is
finding
ways
to
capitalize
on
what
is
definitely
a
broken
system
.
App
-
based
ride
-
sharing
services
,
like
Ford's
Chariot
passenger
vans
,
are
trying
to
make
a
dent
in
New
York
City's
overburdened
transit
system
,
and
will
likely
expand
to
more
cities
.
A
veritable
cottage
industry
has
sprung
up
around
trying
to
solve
the
'first
/
last
mile'
problem
of
commuting
,
or
how
to
get
people
from
their
home
to
the
commuter
rail
or
subway
.
Elon
Musk's
pet
venture
,
the
Boring
Company
,
elaborate
tunnel
systems
underneath
cities
as
the
answer
to
above
-
ground
gridlock
.
It
might
seem
like
a
pardon
the
pun
?
but
the
Boring
Company
has
already
started
tunneling
an
airport
route
below
Los
Angeles
,
and
another
project
has
been
green
lit
in
Maryland
.
A
Gallup
report
from
earlier
this
year
also
found
an
increase
in
the
number
of
Americans
that
are
working
from
home
,
or
working
remotely
at
least
some
of
the
time
.
In
2016
,
around
43
percent
of
American
employees
spent
some
of
their
time
working
remotely
,
compared
to
39
percent
in
2012
.
As
technology
improves
with
chat
apps
like
Slack
to
keep
employees
communicating
from
afar
,
working
from
home
has
become
increasingly
feasible
,
and
apparently
even
more
productive
.
That
same
Gallup
report
found
that
the
'most
engaged'
workers
were
the
ones
who
spent
60
to
80
percent
of
their
week
working
from
home
.
This
new
information
about
how
commutes
are
cutting
into
job
satisfaction
only
reinforces
a
growing
body
of
data
that
says
we
need
to
do
something
about
our
terrible
commutes
.
As
the
saying
goes
:
"
money
talks
"
,
and
nobody
likes
a
pay
cut
.
Let's
check
what
you
can
remember
!
Complete the lyrics of the song with the words that appear on the right side
Fill in the blanks to complete the Preamble.