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Theories about Semantics

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Quỳnh Xuân
Quỳnh Xuân
Viet Nam

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Semantics theories

Theories about Semantics

Quỳnh Xuân
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1

semantic features Semantics features features Semantic Semantics feature

is the basic unit of meaning in a word .

2

Referent referent reference Reference

of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world .

3

referent reference Referent Reference

of a word or a linguistic expression is the relationship between that word or expression and the thing , the action , the event , the quality , etc . it refers to .

4

Dennotation dennotative denotative denotation Denotative Denotation Dennotative denotation

( also called denotative meaning ) of a word is the core of central meaning of the word found in a dictionary .

5

denotation Dennotative Denotative meaning denotative dennotative dennotation meaning Denotative

denotation ( also called ) of a word is the core of central meaning of the word found in a dictionary .

6

connotative connotative meaning conotation Connotation connotation

( also called connotative meaning ) of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning . It shows people's emotions and / or attitudes towards what the word refers to .

7

meaning connotative conotative meaning connotation Connotation

connotation ( also called ) of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning . It shows people's emotions and / or attitudes towards what the word refers to .

8

Homography hyponymy Homophony Hyponymy hyponyms

is a sense relation in which the sense of a word is included in the sense of another word .

9

homophony Hyponymy homography hyponymy hyponyms

is the relationship between each of the hyponyms and its superordinate .

10

synonymy Homography Synonymy antonymy homophony homography

is a sense relation in which various words have different ( written and sound ) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning .

11

Antonymy antonymy

is a relation in which two words have different ( written and sound ) forms and are opposite in meaning .

12

Homonymy homonymy

is a relation in which various words have the same ( written and sound ) form but have different meanings .

13

homophony Homophony

is a relation in which various words have the same sound form but have different meanings and written forms .

14

Homography homography

is a relation in which various words are pronounced the same , but are not be spelled the same and have different meanings .

15

Polysemy polysemy

is a sense relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different but closely related meanings .

16

meaning literal meaning Literal

is the basic or usual meaning of a word .

17

Figurative meaning figurative meaning

The of a word create vivid mental images to readers or listeners .

18

proposition Propositon

A is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs .

19

Sentence sentence

A conceived abstractly , a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language .

20

Utterance utterance

An is the use by a particular speaker , on a particular occasion , of a piece of language , such as a sequence of sentences , or a single phrase , or even a single word .

21

sentence analytic Analytic sentence

An is one that is necessarily true , as a result of the senses of the words in it .

22

contradictory sentence Contradiction contradiction contradiction contradictory

A is a sentence that is necessarily false , as a result of the sense of the words in it . Thus a is in a way the opposite of an analytic sentence .

23

contradictory sentence Contradictory sentence

A is a sentence that is necessarily false , as a result of the sense of the words in it .

24

presupposition

Presupposition is " what a speaker or writer assumes that receiver of the message already knows " .

25

implicature conservational implicature Conservational

promises to bridge " the gap between what is literally said and what is conveyed "

26

Simile simile smile

is " the use of comparision of one thing with another "

27

Personification personification

is a speacial kind of metaphor in which some human characteristic is attributed to an inanimate object or an abstract notion ; that is , a lifeless thing or quality is stated as if it were living .

28

metaphor Metaphor

is the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from ( through related in some way to ) the literal meaning .

29

Metonymy metonymy

is the subsitution of the name of one thing for that of another to which it is related / with which it is associated .

30

synecdoche Synecdoche

is a special kind of metonymy in which " a part of aspect of a person , object , etc . is meant to refer to the whole person , object , ect .

31

hyperbole Hyperbole

is the use of " exaggerated statement that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literall y

32

overstatement Overstatement

is the use of " exaggerated statement that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literall y

33

irony Irony

is the " expression of one's meaning by saying the direct opposite of one's thoughts in order to be emphatic , amusing , sarcastic , etc .

34

Euphemism euphemism

is the use of pleasant , mild , or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones .

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