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Chapter 12:Aggression and ViolenceVersion en ligne
Social Psychology:Chapter 12
1
more
short
poor
backfires
The
use
of
harsh
punishments
to
reduce
aggression
usually
;
it
may
put
a
halt
to
a
child
?
s
aggressive
behavior
in
the
term
,
but
children
who
are
physically
punished
tend
to
become
aggressive
and
antisocial
over
time
.
Because
such
punishment
backfires
,
for
this
and
several
other
reasons
,
most
psychologists
believe
it
is
a
way
to
eliminate
aggressive
or
other
unwanted
behavior
.
2
imitation
doll
aggressive
more
less
Bobo
In
one
early
experiment
,
a
group
of
children
watched
an
extremely
violent
episode
of
a
police
drama
.
In
a
control
condition
,
a
similar
group
watched
an
exciting
but
nonviolent
televised
sporting
event
for
the
same
length
of
time
.
Each
child
was
then
allowed
to
play
in
another
room
with
a
group
of
other
children
.
Those
who
had
watched
the
violent
police
drama
later
behaved
far
aggressively
with
their
playmates
than
did
those
who
had
watched
the
sporting
event
?
the
effect
3
prone
greatest
doesn't
does
frequent
less-significant
Taking
all
this
research
together
,
we
conclude
that
exposure
to
violent
media
,
especially
in
the
form
of
violent
video
games
,
have
an
impact
on
average
children
and
adolescents
,
but
the
impact
is
on
those
who
are
already
to
violent
behavior
.
4
risk
violent
effectively
depression
not
succeeds
fails
More
seriously
,
extreme
punishment
like
spanking
and
physical
abuse
is
a
factor
in
children
for
the
development
of
,
low
self
-
esteem
,
behavior
,
and
many
other
problems
.
And
,
finally
,
punishment
often
because
it
tells
the
target
what
not
to
do
,
but
it
does
not
communicate
what
the
person
should
do
.
Spanking
a
little
boy
for
hitting
his
sister
will
teach
him
to
play
cooperatively
with
her
.
5
encouraging
prompt
not
deterring
indeed
The
criminal
justice
system
of
most
cultures
administers
harsh
punishments
both
as
retribution
and
as
a
means
of
violent
crimes
.
Laboratory
experiments
indicate
that
punishment
can
act
as
a
deterrent
,
but
only
if
two
conditions
are
met
:
Punishment
must
be
(
a
)
and
(
b
)
certain
.
It
must
follow
quickly
after
the
aggression
occurred
,
and
it
must
be
unavoidable
.
In
the
real
world
,
these
conditions
are
almost
never
met
.
is
the
notion
that
"
blowing
off
steam
"
?
by
behaving
aggressively
or
watching
others
do
so
?
relieves
built
-
up
anger
and
aggressive
energy
and
hence
reduces
the
likelihood
of
further
aggressive
behavior
7
more
wrong
harmless
reverse
correct
venting
more
harmful
less
less
Freud
?
s
theory
of
catharsis
has
been
greatly
oversimplified
into
the
notion
that
people
should
vent
their
anger
or
they
will
suffer
physically
and
emotionally
;
by
that
anger
,
they
will
become
likely
to
commit
aggressive
acts
in
the
future
.
When
we
are
feeling
frustrated
or
angry
,
many
of
us
do
temporarily
feel
less
tense
after
blowing
off
steam
by
yelling
,
cursing
,
or
perhaps
kicking
the
sofa
.
But
do
any
of
those
actions
reduce
the
chance
that
we
will
commit
further
aggression
?
Following
Freud
,
many
psychoanalysts
believed
that
playing
competitive
games
served
as
a
outlet
for
aggressive
energies
.
they
were
.
In
fact
,
the
is
true
:
Competitive
games
often
make
participants
and
observers
aggressive
8
ruminate
worse
up
angrier
happier
In
the
real
world
,
as
in
the
lab
,
many
people
feel
,
both
physically
and
mentally
,
after
an
angry
confrontation
.
When
people
about
their
anger
,
talk
to
others
incessantly
about
how
angry
they
are
,
or
vent
their
feelings
in
hostile
acts
,
their
blood
pressure
goes
,
they
often
feel
,
and
they
behave
even
more
aggressively
later
than
if
they
had
just
let
their
feelings
of
anger
subsid
e
9
dissonance
succeeded
deserved
cognitive
aggression
Repeated
aggression
is
a
downward
spiral
.
When
you
hurt
another
person
,
you
experience
dissonance
.
A
good
way
for
you
to
reduce
is
to
convince
yourself
that
hurting
the
person
was
not
a
bad
thing
to
do
,
because
he
or
she
is
a
bad
person
who
to
be
hurt
.
But
this
also
sets
the
stage
for
further
,
because
once
a
person
has
in
finding
reasons
to
dislike
another
,
it
is
easier
to
harm
that
victim
again
.
10
does
prolong
neither
so
fade
dissipate
doesn
Stifling
anger
,
sulking
around
the
house
,
and
hoping
the
other
person
will
read
our
mind
?
t
seem
to
be
a
good
solution
,
and
are
brooding
and
ruminating
by
ourselves
,
which
just
and
intensify
the
anger
It
is
possible
to
control
anger
by
actively
enabling
it
to
.
Actively
enabling
means
using
such
simple
devices
as
counting
to
10
before
shooting
your
mouth
off
.
Taking
deep
breaths
or
getting
involved
in
a
pleasant
,
distracting
activity
are
active
ways
of
enabling
the
anger
to
away
.
11
escalating
insight
dynamics
nonjudgmentally
Dissipating
anger
is
not
always
best
for
you
or
for
a
relationship
.
You
may
want
to
express
that
anger
in
a
way
that
helps
you
gain
into
yourself
and
the
of
the
relationship
.
You
may
also
wish
to
express
yourself
in
a
way
that
solves
the
problem
without
it
.
But
for
that
to
happen
,
you
must
calmly
state
that
you
are
feeling
angry
and
describe
,
,
what
you
believe
the
other
person
did
to
bring
about
those
feelings
.
12
reduce
constructive
techniques
One
way
to
aggression
,
then
,
is
to
teach
people
such
as
how
to
communicate
anger
or
criticism
in
ways
,
how
to
negotiate
and
compromise
when
conflicts
arise
,
and
how
to
apologize
when
they
need
to
13
responsibility
sincerely
Typically
,
any
apology
given
and
in
which
the
perpetrator
takes
full
is
effective
.
The
bland
,
token
apologies
offered
by
many
public
figures
or
corporate
leaders
when
they
?
ve
been
caught
doing
something
illegal
or
immoral
don
?
t
count
14
empathy
dehumanize
difficult
justify
Most
people
find
it
to
inflict
pain
on
a
stranger
unless
they
can
find
a
way
to
it
,
and
the
most
common
way
of
justifying
it
is
to
the
victim
.
By
building
among
people
,
aggressive
acts
should
be
more
difficult
to
commit
aggression
15
transform
rejection
pride
The
motivation
behind
the
vast
majority
of
rampage
killings
is
an
attempt
to
feelings
of
shame
,
humiliation
,
and
rejection
into
feelings
of
.
Social
is
the
most
significant
risk
factor
for
teenage
suicide
,
despair
,
and
violence
.
When
a
team
of
researchers
investigated
fifteen
school
shootings
from
between
1995
and
2001
,
they
found
that
in
thirteen
,
the
killers
had
been
angered
by
bullying
and
social
rejection
.
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