Small
-
scale
or
1
.
-
?
the
motivation
to
carry
out
specific
actions
?
can
be
divided
into
three
broad
areas
.
The
simplest
such
motivation
is
our
2
.
.
This
is
what
makes
us
want
to
eat
,
to
be
comfortable
,
to
look
good
in
front
of
other
people
,
etc
.
For
those
of
us
,
like
teachers
,
who
want
to
increase
motivation
,
there
?
s
not
much
we
can
do
about
biological
drives
,
although
we
can
easily
3
.
people
if
we
don
?
t
respect
those
drives
.
At
a
higher
level
,
for
those
who
want
to
motivate
others
,
4
.
involves
using
a
combination
of
rewards
and
punishments
.
A
well
-
known
metaphor
is
called
the
5
.
-
-
:
if
we
want
to
persuade
our
donkey
to
move
,
we
can
offer
him
a
carrot
as
a
reward
or
we
can
hit
him
with
the
stick
if
he
refuses
.
This
approach
is
widely
used
in
families
,
in
schools
and
in
businesses
,
with
most
people
agreeing
that
6
.
are
more
effective
than
7
.
.
However
,
research
has
shown
that
,
at
best
,
rewards
and
punishments
may
often
be
ineffective
in
changing
behaviour
,
and
at
worst
,
may
actually
damage
motivation
.
The
best
form
of
motivation
appears
to
be
8
.
,
i
.
e
.
motivation
to
perform
a
task
because
it
is
fun
or
satisfying
for
its
own
sake
,
not
because
of
what
it
might
lead
to
in
terms
of
9
.
.
The
best
example
is
games
:
we
play
games
because
they
are
enjoyable
.
In
fact
,
if
you
try
to
reward
someone
for
playing
a
game
(
e
.
g
.
by
paying
them
an
hourly
fee
)
,
they
will
start
to
see
the
activity
as
10
.
,
and
will
try
less
hard
and
achieve
worse
results
.
In
language
teaching
,
this
discovery
has
led
to
the
recent
growth
of
11
.
:
using
the
principles
behind
games
to
make
learning
intrinsically
motivating
.
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