Relier Pairs Final review 4Version en ligne Match theories to central premises par Carlos Ponce 1 Illegitimate opportunity structures 2 Social disorganization 3 Anomie-strain theory 4 Routine activity theory 5 Rational choice theory 6 Differential association theory 7 Techniques of neutralization 8 Concentric zone model 9 Labelling theory 10 Life-Course-Developmental Theory 11 Interactional theory 12 Institutional anomie theory 13 Sociology of deviance 14 The culture of the gang 15 Differential association reinforcement theory 16 Crime pattern theory Weak social bonds may lead to exposure to delinquent peers and learning delinquent values, and associating with these people may result in weaker social bonds. The accumulation of social capital reduces the likelihood of offenders engaging in criminal behaviour. Crime is not random it is shaped by how people's routine activities are dictated by the built environment. Criminal behaviour is learned through a process of social interaction, which includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes, and rationalizations. Moral entrepreneurs/crusaders make up rules that create deviant labels. There is an institutional imbalance in which the economy dominates political system, education, and the family, which leads to an amoral “ends justifies the means” attitude in society. Societies need a certain amount of deviance to define socially unacceptable behaviours. People that are labelled as deviants are more likely to develop a deviant self-image and continue engaging in deviant behaviour The state of anomie in American society is caused by the dysfunction between cultural goals (the accumulation of wealth) and the institutional means to reach them. People's everyday activities and patterns influence the convergence of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardianship, producing crime opportunities. Offenders employ tactics to deal with the guilt associated with their crimes. Criminal behaviour is learned through the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and in non-social situations (imitation and modelling). Lower class males have similar aspirations to their middle and upper-class peers. When they realize they can't compete and, therefore, are deprived of attaining status, they experience frustration and strain that leads them to create their own goals and define ways to reach them. The expansion of cities follows a pattern that creates desirable and undesirable residential areas. Areas where people don’t want to live are characterized by weak family and communal ties. The way people adapt to strain depends on differential access to specific subcultures. Individuals commit crimes when they perceive that the costs of perpetrating the offence are outweighed by the rewards. The breakdown of the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate the capacity to exercise informal social control may lead to greater violence and crime.
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