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Joints

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Marrow

Tendons

The Skeletal System

Fibrous

Ligaments

Bones

Cartilage

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints)

Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints

Solid CT, 206

3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

freely movable joints

Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles

Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow

Protection

Site of Hematopoiesis

Movement

Storage

Functions of Bone

Framework

guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs)

Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement

Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage,

blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow

Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity

stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow

Irregular Bones

Long Bones

Flat Bones

Short Bones

Classification of Bone

Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones

Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella

Elongated; upper and lower limbs

Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs

Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull

Medullary Cavity

Diaphysis

Articular Cartilage

Periosteum

Epiphyseal Line

Epiphysis

Macroanatomy of Bones

hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children)

tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons

long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles

remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults

hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum

expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends

Osteoclasts

Microanatomy of Bones

Osteoblasts

Extracellular Matrix

Organic ECM

Osteocytes

Spongy Bone

Inorganic ECM

Cells

Osteogenic Cells

Compact Bone

break down/resorb bone

Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact

(calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone)

bone stem cells capable of differentiation

build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines

Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae

(“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones

(mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones

2 components: Organic & Inorganic

(dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone)

Sutures

Symphyses

Synovial Joints

Fibrous Joints

Syndesmoses

Gomphoses

Types of Fibrous Joints

Synchondroses

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Examples of Synovial Joints

Joint (Articulation)

lock bones together with dense fibers

Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses

allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength

bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule

between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

have hyaline cartilage between the bones

Synchondroses & Symphyses

fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock

Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck

bones connected by cartilage pads

tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process)