Joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Marrow
Tendons
The Skeletal System
Fibrous
Ligaments
Bones
Cartilage
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints)
Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints
Solid CT, 206
3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
freely movable joints
Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles
Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together
Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow
Protection
Site of Hematopoiesis
Movement
Storage
Functions of Bone
Framework
guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs)
Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement
Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage,
blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow
Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity
stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow
Irregular Bones
Long Bones
Flat Bones
Short Bones
Classification of Bone
Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones
Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella
Elongated; upper and lower limbs
Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs
Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull
Medullary Cavity
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Epiphyseal Line
Epiphysis
Macroanatomy of Bones
hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children)
tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons
long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles
remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults
hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum
expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends
Osteoclasts
Microanatomy of Bones
Osteoblasts
Extracellular Matrix
Organic ECM
Osteocytes
Spongy Bone
Inorganic ECM
Cells
Osteogenic Cells
Compact Bone
break down/resorb bone
Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact
(calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone)
bone stem cells capable of differentiation
build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines
Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae
(“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones
(mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones
2 components: Organic & Inorganic
(dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone)
Sutures
Symphyses
Synovial Joints
Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Types of Fibrous Joints
Synchondroses
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Examples of Synovial Joints
Joint (Articulation)
lock bones together with dense fibers
Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses
allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength
bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule
between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
have hyaline cartilage between the bones
Synchondroses & Symphyses
fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock
Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck
bones connected by cartilage pads
tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process)
