Cartilage
Tendons
The Skeletal System
Joints
Fibrous
Bones
Ligaments
Marrow
Synovial
Cartilaginous
3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
freely movable joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Solid CT, 206
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together
Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles
Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints)
Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone
Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow
Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints
Movement
Storage
Site of Hematopoiesis
Protection
Framework
Functions of Bone
Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity
blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow
guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs)
Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage,
stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow
Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Long Bones
Classification of Bone
Irregular Bones
Elongated; upper and lower limbs
Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull
Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones
Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs
Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella
Periosteum
Medullary Cavity
Articular Cartilage
Diaphysis
Macroanatomy of Bones
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Line
expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends
long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles
remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults
tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons
hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children)
hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum
Osteoclasts
Extracellular Matrix
Compact Bone
Osteogenic Cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Inorganic ECM
Organic ECM
Spongy Bone
Cells
Microanatomy of Bones
break down/resorb bone
Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact
Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae
bone stem cells capable of differentiation
(“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones
(calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone)
(dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone)
build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines
2 components: Organic & Inorganic
(mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones
Examples of Synovial Joints
Types of Fibrous Joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Cartilaginous Joints
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Fibrous Joints
Sutures
Gomphoses
Joint (Articulation)
Syndesmoses
Synovial Joints
tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process)
between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other
bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
lock bones together with dense fibers
Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses
Synchondroses & Symphyses
fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock
Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck
allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength
have hyaline cartilage between the bones
bones connected by cartilage pads
