These are the techniques and strategies employed by authors to shape the narrative and convey meaning. They can include elements such as foreshadowing, flashbacks, symbolism, and narrative voice.
Narratology distinguish between the discourse, or the particular manner in which the tale is delivered, including language, style, and narrative devices, and the story.
It refers to the overall structure and layout of a narrative, which includes its start, middle, and end as well as the order and presentation of the events.
The narrator is the entity that tells the story.
Story and discourse
Narrative devices
Focalization
Narrator
Narrative structure
Focalization refers to the perspective through which the story is presented. It can be either internal (through the viewpoint of a character) or external (an objective or third-person perspective).