TOTAL PHYSICAL REPONSE (TPR)
TASK-BASED LEARNING (TBL)
DIRECT METHOD
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT)
AUDIO-LINGUALISM
PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PBL)
-Often begins with listening to a dialogue. -Grammar/Vocabulary focus from dialogue. -After the dialogue, pattern drills teach grammar. -Students repeat and mimic the dialogue.
-To enable the learner to communicate effectively and appropriately in various situations (interaction, authentic communication and negotiating meaning) -Role plays, interviews, dialogues, oral games… -Teacher: facilitator and monitor -Student: participative and monitor
-Step 1: The teacher says the commands as he himself performs the action. -Step2: The teacher says the command as both the teacher and the students then perform the action. -Step 3: The teacher says the command but only students perform the action. -Step 4: The teacher tells one student at a time to do commands. -Step 5: The roles of the teacher and student are reversed. Students give commands to teacher and to other students. -Step 6: The teacher and student allow for command expansion or produces new sentences.
-Teacher uses examples and visual aids to inductively teach the grammar. -No translation is allowed. -Teachers interact with students a lot, asking them questions about the topic. -Students guess at the grammar structure. -Accuracy is sought and errors corrected.
-Emphasis on explaining grammar. -Translation. -Drills/Fill in the blanks. -Memorization of vocabulary lists. -Reading comprehension questions. -Very low teacher-student interaction. -Little or no attention given to pronunciation. -L1 explanations.
-Pre-task: Teacher introduce the topic and give clear instructions. -Task: Students complete the task. -Planning: Students prepare a short oral presentation or writing report. -Report: Students present the oral presentation or read the report in front of the class. -Analysis: The teacher highlights relevant parts from the text for the student to analyse. -Practice: The teacher selects language areas to practise based upon the needs of the students.
- Indentify the problem -Analyisis of the problem -Field studies and investigations -Identify resources, explore, investigate and create ideas -Build, select the best idea and test solucions -Evaluate the results -Present solutions