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Another concept from psychology offers insight into how learners store and retrieve language . According to ____________________ - ____________________ processing , information is best retrieved in situations that are similar to those in which it was acquired . This is because when we learn something our ____________________ also record aspects of the context in which it was learned and even the cognitive ____________________ involved in the way we learned it , for example , by reading or hearing it . To date , most of the research on ____________________ - ____________________ processing has been done in laboratory experiments , for example , comparing the learning of word lists under different conditions . However , the hypothesis seems to offer a plausible way of explaining a widely observed phenomenon in second language learning : knowledge that is acquired mainly in rule learning or drill activities may be easier to access on tests that resemble the learning activities than in ____________________ situations .