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1. Medical Model
2. Justice Model

more to deter the offender from repeating than to rehabilitate them

socioeconomic and psychological factors are important

make both the offender and society healthy

sentencing is flexible, changes with the progress of the offender

humane treatment of offender

punishment satisfies society's desire for just deserts

serve fixed times for sentences as justice for wrongs done to society

institutional experts decide the offender's release

reintegrate the offender back into society and make whole

commits offenses as a way to adapt/survive to social problems

offenders are a result of social illness

treatment is the punishment for offenders

treatment of offender is voluntary, not required