Radionuclide scanning and scintigraphy
Urinalysis: Pyuria or bacteriuria (50%); urine culture indicated for prepubertal and elderly patients
Abdominal/pelvic ultrasonography
In tuberculous epididymitis, chest radiography, computed tomography, or excretory urography
Scrotal exploration or aspiration
Retrograde urethrography
The use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to differentiate epididymitis from other causes of acute scrotum is under investigation
Performance of (or referral for) syphilis and HIV testing in patients with a sexually transmitted etiology
Cystourethroscopy
Urethral culture, nucleic acid hybridization, and nucleic acid amplification tests to facilitate detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Complete blood count: Leukocytosis
Gram stain of urethral discharge, if present
