Witnessed apneas, which often interrupt the snoring and end with a snort
Retrognathia or micrognathia
Excessive daytime sleepiness that usually begins during quiet activities (eg, reading, watching television); as the severity worsens, patients begin to feel sleepy during activities that generally require alertness (eg, school, work, driving)
Systemic arterial hypertension: Present in about 50% of obstructive sleep apnea cases
Snoring, usually loud, habitual, and bothersome to others
Cognitive deficits; memory and intellectual impairment (short-term memory, concentration)
Morning confusion
Gastroesophageal reflux
Nocturia
Decreased vigilance
Daytime fatigue/tiredness
High-arched hard palate
Narrowing of the lateral airway walls: Independent predictor of the presence of obstructive sleep apnea in men but not women
Abnormal (increased) Mallampati score: Identifies risk for difficult tracheal intubation
Gasping and choking sensations that arouse the patient from sleep, though in a very low proportion relative to the number of apneas they experience
Sexual dysfunction, including impotence and decreased libido
Insomnia; restless sleep, with patients often experiencing frequent arousals and tossing or turning during the night
Enlarged (ie, "kissing") tonsils (3+ to 4+)
Morning headache, dry or sore throat
Nonrestorative sleep (ie, “waking up as tired as when they went to bed”)
Large degree of overjet
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
