Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Guided imagery
Tranquilizers
Acupuncture
Central control trigger
Endogenous opioids
Pain tolerance
Progressive muscle relaxation
Evoked potentials
Acute pain
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Chronic recurrent pain
Box scale
Peripherally acting analgesics
Chronic intractable benign pain
Pain threshold
Respondent pain
Neuromatrix theory
Chronic pain
Periaqueductal gray area
Gate-control theory
Chronic progressive pain
Distraction
Physical therapy
Shiatsu massage
Autonomic activity
Sedatives
Verbal descriptor scale
Operant pain
Narcotics
Antidepressants
Local anaesthetics
Stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA)
A-delta fibres
Electromyograph (EMG)
C-fibres
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Visual analog scale (VAS)
Swedish massage
Meditation
Nociceptors
Centrally acting analgesics
Hypnosis
Pain behaviours
Phantom limb pain
Therapy involved in the rehabilitation of muscle, bone, joint, or the results of nerve disease.
A form of relaxation that relies on distraction, in which the participant is told to imagine a calm, peaceful, and pleasant image.
Pain lasting longer than 6 months
A pain management technique in which the patient focuses attention on something other than the sensation of pain.
A technique in which a person achieves relaxation by flexing and gradually relaxing muscle groups.
Pain-relieving chemicals that can be applied topically but are much more effective when injected at the site where the pain originates.
The point at which the intensity of a stimulus is perceived as painful
Physiological processes that cannot be consciously controlled, such as heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, hand surface temperature, and skin conductance
Slow, gentle stroking movements to warm and relax tissue and stimulate blood circulation.
Nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system, or from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain
Pain that lasts less than six months and serves to warn of impending tissue damage or the need for convalescent rest
The afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting diffuse, dull, or aching pain
Alterations in behaviour by a person experiencing pain to either reduce the pain or prevent it from getting worse
Pain-killing drugs that work by binding to opiate receptors in the central nervous system.
Sustained massage pressure on specific points of the body; according to the beliefs of practitioners, Shiatsu massage releases blockages in the flow of energy through the body.
Pain-killing medications that operate on the central nervous system by imitating the effects of the body's endogenous pain relief system.
The afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting sharp, distinct pain
A form of relaxation in which one attempts to focus attention fully on a single thought or image.
A rating scale on which people report their pain by marking a point on a line anchored by the phrase "no pain" and by a phrase such as "worst pain imaginable".
The afferent nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli
An ancient Chinese pain control technique that involves the insertion of fine needles to create stimulation to the peripheral nerves.
Medications such as diazepam (Valium) that affect pain indirectly by reducing patient anxiety.
Continuous pain that gradually intensifies as a person's condition worsens
The experience of pain in an absent body part
A rating scale on which people are asked to describe their pain by choosing the phrase that most closely resembles the pain that they are experiencing.
Pain that is reinforced by a person's environment
A scale on which people rate and report their pain by choosing the number that best indicates the degree of pain that they are experiencing from a series of numbers in boxes ranging from "no pain" to "worst pain imaginable".
Non-narcotic medications that decrease pain by reducing inflammation at the site of tissue damage; they also inhibit the synthesis of neurochemicals in the peripheral nervous system that facilitate the transmission of pain impulses.
An instrument that assess pain by measuring electrical activity in muscles
Opiate-like substances produced within the body that regulate pain
An instrument that assesses pain by measuring electrical activity in the brain
An extension of the gate control theory, with greater emphasis placed on the brain's role in pain perception
An area of the midbrain that is involved in pain reception
Medications that reduce the depression and anxiety that frequently accompany pain; it is also believed that they affect pain-related neurotransmitters.
Pain that occurs in response to noxious stimulation or tissue damage
Electrical responses produced by stimuli
In the gate control theory of pain, a specialized system of large-diameter, rapidly conducting fibres that activate selective cognitive processes that then influence, by way of decreasing fibres, the opening and closing of the gate
A pain control technique that involves placing an electrode on the surface of the skin and applying electrical stimulation.
Suggests that a neural mechanism in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord acts like a gate that can increase or decrease the flow of nerve impulses from peripheral fibres to the central nervous system, thereby influencing the sensation of pain
Duration of time or intensity at which a person is willing to endure a stimulus beyond the point where it begins to hurt
Continuous pain that varies in intensity
Freedom from pain as a result of electrical stimulation
Intermittent intense episodes of acute pain followed by relief
An altered state of consciousness.
Medications, such as barbiturates, that affect pain indirectly by reducing anxiety and helping the patient to sleep.
