ADAPTATION
EQUIVALENCE
CALQUE
BORROWING
LITERAL TRANSLATION
MODULATION
TRANSPOSITION
This means a word-for-word translation, achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is idiomatic.
It is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective.
It is a cultural element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language.
It involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering the meaning of the text.
It uses a completely different expression to transmit the same reality.
It involves using the same word or expression in original text in the target text.
When a translator uses a calque, he or she is creating or using a neologism in the target language by adopting the structure of the source language.
