experimental group
accidental relationship
cause and effect relationship
presumed relationship
hidden variables
reverse cause and effect relationship accidental relationship presumed relationship
control group
extraneous variables
common cause relationship
A change in X produces a change in Y.
Extraneous variables that are difficult to recognize. May invalidate conclusions drawn from statistical results.
they do not receive the treatment by the researchers and are used as to compare against the group that does receive the treatment
An external variable causes two variables to change the same way.
Variables that affect either the dependent or the independent variable and are NOT predictable.
A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables.
they receive the treatment being tested
A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
The presumed dependent and independent variables are reversed in the process of determining causality. (Y causes X). A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables. A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
