General reference to previous research or scholarship: more than one author
Indicating the focus, aim, argument of a short paper
Summarising the review or parts of the review
Stating the purpose of research
Explaining Keywords or Defining Terms
Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society
Reference to single investigations in the past
introducing quotations
Indicating significance
Establishing the historical importance of the topic ( when a time frame given)
Up to now,a number of studies have demonstrated that …
(digital citizenship) can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
One of the most important events of the 1970s was …
This paper attempts to show that …
While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …
Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
As Carnoy (2004) states: ‘there are many good reasons to be sceptical’.
This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of …
Smith (1999) found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise …
The objectives of this research are to determine whether …
