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A
They are an extinct group of marine mollusc animals. They appeared during the Devonian, and the last species died out during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Their name, from which the scientific term is derived, was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells,
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B
It is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System (as well as other planetary systems). (Two words)
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C
It was the theory that the Earth had largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
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D
It is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history.
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E
It is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.
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F
It is the sum total characteristics of a rock including its chemical, physical, and biological features that distinguishes it from adjacent rock.
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G
It is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. (Two words)
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H
It is an epoch of the Quaternary period, spanning the time from the end of the Pleistocene (8,000 years ago) to the present.
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I
They are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages). They work on the premise that, although different sediments may look different depending on the conditions under which they were laid down, they may include the remains of the same species of the fossil.
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J
It was a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya.
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K
It is a geological signature, marks the end of the Cretaceous Period, the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and marks the beginning of the Paleogene Period, the first period of the Cenozoic Era. Its age is usually estimated at around 66 Ma (million years ago), with radiometric dating yielding a more specific age of 66.043 ± 0.011 Ma.
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L
The principle of ...... states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions. (Two words)
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M
It is an interval of geological time from about 252 to 66 million years ago. It is also called the Age of Reptiles, a phrase introduced by the 19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell who viewed it as dominated by diapsids such as Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Plesiosaurus and Pterodactylus. This Era is also called from a paleobotanist view the Age of Conifers.
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N
They are microscopic fossils that are very abundant, widely distributed, and time-specific (because of their high evolutionary rates). They are very useful index fossils.
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O
It is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments.
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P
It is a type of unconformity in which strata are parallel; there is no apparent erosion and the unconformity surface resembles a simple bedding plane.
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Q
It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today).
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R
It is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age
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S
The law of ...... states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.
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T
He, in his Dissertationis prodromus of 1669 is credited with four of the defining principles of the science of stratigraphy: the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, principle of lateral continuity and the principle of cross-cutting relationships.
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U
It is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger, but the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record.
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V
It is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
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W
It is the process whereby rocks and fossils are broken down by such forces as wind, rain, temperature changes, bacteria, chemical attack and plants etc. It affects rocks in situ.
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X
The science dealing with the identification, naming, and classification of plants and animals.
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Y
He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which presented uniformitarianism–the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same scientific processes still in operation today–to the broad general public. (Name & surname)
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Z
It is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 541 million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared.