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Magma mixing
Mafic
intermediate
Ultramafic
felsic
Made by differentiation of mafic magma or Through crystal assimilation Mixing mafic or felsic Continental convergent
are most often formed by the partial melting of the crust in response to heat provided by more mafic intrusions Continental convergent
More Fe and Mg than mafic No more made
Felsic magma and mafic magma mixing together
From mantle Iron rich
extrusive
Batholith
Extrusive eruption
intrusive
Intrusion
Aphanitic Porphyritic
Phaneritic Pegmatitic Porphyritic
Underground stall AKA pluton
Magma erupts onto the surface
Extensive plutons
Vescular
Phaneritic
Phenocrysts
Glassy
Pegmatitic
Porphyritic
Fragmental (pyroclastic)
Aphanitic
Slow cooling Lots of fluids Very big crystals Igneous rock textures Intrusive
Fast cooling Small crystals Extrusive Igneous rock textures
Porus gaseous
Pumice Welded tuff
Slow cooling Big crystals Igneous rock texture Intrusive
Large crystals that the have formed in the magma before the eruption
Two stage cooling (fast→slow) big and small crystals Intrusive and extrusive Phenocrysts
Lots of bubbles (pumice) Rapid cooling of frothy gas rich magma Rapid cooling under water
Physical weathering
Unloading
Erosion
Oxidation
hydrolysis
weathering
Chemical weathering
Dissolution
abrasion
Loosening broken particles and carrying them away
Adding and combining oxygen to minerals Fe
Changes in structure and or composition of the main material Dissolution Oxidation Hydrolysis
The decomp due to water Partial dissolution leaving hydrated parts behind
breakdown of rocks
Pressure release Expands and cracks form
No change in composition unloading Abrasion erosion
Dissolving a mineral into a solution
Particles collide Wear and tear
Turbidity currents
Submarine fan
Deposition
Soil
Lithification
Regolith/Saprolith
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Sediment
clastic
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Detrital
Collection of broken down weathered materials
Deposit
Underwater debris flows
Made of clasts
Deep sea fan
Unconsolidated material on earth surface Chunky dirt with rocks
Compression, dehydration, and cementation
fragments of pre-existing rock
Made of weathered rock/minerals plus, air, water, and humus!!
made with bones
Artificial
Protolith
Regional metamorphism
Index minerals
Burial metamorphism
Directed pressure
Confining pressure
Lineation
Metamorphism
Metamorphic grade
Contact metamorphism
Hydrothermal metamorphism
Recrystallization
Metamorphic facies
Subduction metamorphism
foliated texture
Differential pressure Results in a foliated texture and lineation
Mild heat and pressure
Metamorphism that involves various degrees of directed pressure over a large area
elevated temperatures are provided by the magma to the surrounding crustal rocks, but the pressure doesn’t change
Reflects the intensity of metamorphism experienced by a rock
Provide info about the P-T conditions of metamorphism
Parent rock to a metamorphic rock
Confining pressure at subduction zones
Elongated minerals align
Uniform pressure
Solid-Solid reaction
An assemblage of index minerals representing am specific P-T conditions
flat/platy minerals Banding
Process by which minerals in a rock re-crystallize due to changes in pressure and or temp and or fluid activity
Heat and fluids