Seeks full participation and consensus building
Addresses social structures that hinder people's progress
Leadership as community action and social activism
Profit and individual or limited institutional advancement as main concerns
Engages people to find community-oriented solutions
Relies on moral authority
Isolates leaders from the public
Builds community capacity and group empowerment
The group enlists leaders
Seeks individual advancement and achievement
Individuals seek out leadership positions or are appointed by small group of elites
Embraces public values
Collective orientation
Builds interdependency
Encourages active,visible citizenship
Individualistic orientation
Top-down, command and control style of decision-making
Uses legitimate and positional authority
Seeks the good of the whole
Privileges community and justice concerns including widespread participation
Creates hierarchy
Seeks egalitarian pluralism
