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1. Multiple Paths (Eddy Diffusion)
2. Longitudinal Diffusion
3. Mass Transport

the B-term in the van Deemter equation

is only applicable to packed columns

becomes more significant when the mobile phase flow rate is low

independent of mobile phase flow rate

the C-term in the van Deemter equation

Molecules diffuse toward the detector or away from the detector, moving ahead or lagging behind the group..

While analyte molecules interact with the stationary phase, they are left behind those that are not.

results from the fact that different molecules must travel different distances during the separation

the A-term in the van Deemter equation

becomes worse when the mobile phase flow rate is high