summative
decontextualized test items
oriented to product
criterion-referenced scores
continuous, long-term assessment
foster intrinsic motivation
foster extrinsic motivation
norm-referenced scores
oriented to process
individualized feedback and washback
interactive performance
scores sufficient for feedback
non-interactive performance
contextualized communicative tasks
timed, multiple-choice format
focus on discrete answers
open-ended, creative answers
formative
untimed, free-response format
one-shot, standardized exams
